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ELEVENTH MISSISSIPPI AT GETTYSBURG. BY F. A. HOWELL, DURANT, MISS.

I indorse what Comrade W. I. Reid, of Company H, 11th Mississippi Regiment, says in the VETERAN for February, page 66. I was a member of Company F, 11th Mississippi Infantry, and was wounded and disabled for further infantry service in the charge at Gettysburg on the afternoon of July 3. Our regiment did not fall back, but nearly all who survived went forward to the stone fence and were killed or captured. Forty two of Company F were present that morning,

and only five answered roll call the next morning, eleven were killed or mortally wounded. Most of the Virginia troops, next to our regiment on the left, stopped in a ravine, and I saw some of them there as I dropped back after being wounded.

Capt. T. J. Stokes, of Columbus, Miss., is still alive. He was severely wounded and captured that day. Comrade James T. Jones is living in Starkville, Miss., and will testify that he, with my brother, J. J. Howell, and others advanced until they were captured. My brother died in prison at Fort Delaware, Md., September 18, 1864. The troops to our left that stopped were not Mississippians. I was told that they were Virginians. Were they Brockenbrough's troops?

(The above reference to Virginians is not given to reflect upon their courage. Conditions in battle are so varied that the bravest men stop, but are ready to advance as soon as orders are received. This reference is understood simply to designate place and conditions.)

ABOUT THE FAYETTEVILLE (N. C.) ROAD FIGHT.

J. W. DuBose, of Wetumpka, Ala., requests of comrades, officers, and privates of Wheeler's Cavalry, and especially of participants, for information of the fight of March 10, 1865, with Kilpatrick on the Fayetteville (N. C.) road, and asks whether Wheeler's Cavalry came on the field at daylight and led in the attack on Kilpatrick's camp and what part Butler's Cavalry took in the fight.

He says: "General Butler claimed that General Wheeler did not get into the attack on the camps because he had to ride (his whole command) around a miry swamp, so boggy that it caused him to be late. General Wheeler's report of this battle in the "War Records," written by him after the surrender, gives the battle in detail and tells of a number of officers under him who were wounded there. He makes no mention of Butler at all. Butler was in the attack on the camp, and claimed it to the last of his life as his fight, and his only. He said he did not see General Wheeler on the ground until the fight was over. The attack on the camp stampeded the enemy and drove them until a swamp, a short distance off, stopped them. General Kilpatrick jumped through the window of the room in which he was sleeping and ran out barefooted. He borrowed a pair of boots from one of his men, got some clothes, and led his troops back. Then the main fighting came off. General Butler contended that Wheeler must have fought then and not in the opening attack on the camp, if he fought at all. The dispute should be settled."

(Without taking time to investigate the "Records" (see Volume XLVII., Part 1.), it is evident that two different engagements are considered EDITOR VETERAN.)

SIX LENOIR BROTHERS IN C. S. A. SERVICE. Charles Lenoir writes from Orville, Ala.: "While I was too young to be in the army and my father too old, I had six brothers who wore the gray. Two were captains one in. the 38th Alabama Regiment, the other, Capt. Thomas M. Lenoir, was with General Wheeler, and was killed at Lay's Ferry, near Resaca, Ga.,on May 14, 1864. General Wheeler told me a few years before his death that he sent, three flags of truce to the Federal commander trying to get my brother's body, but was refused every time. It may be that some one living in the vicinity of his burial place can tell me something of it, for which I would be very grateful. Some, of your Northern readers who were in the Federal army at the time of his killing may know something of the event."

CASUALTIES IN A COMPANY.

(A booklet has been published by S. E. Sweet, compiled by Ordnance Sergeants Bill Young and Joseph Forsythe, and extracts are made, giving the killed and specially honored.)

The "Southern Confederates," which became Company C. of the 9th Tennessee Regiment Infantry, was organized at Clopton Camp Ground in Tipton County, Tenn., in 1861, sworn in at Jackson May 24, 1861, and discharged by surrender at Greensboro, N. C., in April, 1865.

The captains were: David J. Wood, Charles B. Simonton, and James I. Hall, serving in the order mentioned.

First Lieut. James I. Hall was elected captain in November, 1863. He was severely wounded at Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862, and disabled July 22, 1864.

Second Lieut. Charles B. Simonton was elected captain at Corinth, Miss., in May, 1862, at the reorganization, severely wounded in the battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862, taken prisoner October 9, 1862, escaped March 10, 1863, but tendered his resignation October l, 1863, being still disabled.

Third Lieut. R. W. Lemmon served as lieutenant until the reorganization at Corinth, Miss., in May, 1862, when he enlisted as a private in the reorganized company, was wounded at Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862, and was killed in the Georgia campaign, May 27, 1864.

First Sergt. J. D. Calhoun died June l, 1861, the first death in the company,

Sergt. John R. McCreight was killed in battle November 30, 1864, at Franklin, Tenn.

Sergt. S. J. Bradshaw was wounded and disabled in July, 1864, at Atlanta, Ga.

Corp. Morrison Munford was severely wounded at Murfreesboro.

Corp. H. M. Lynn was captured at Franklin, Tenn.
Corp. William Campbell was elected captain of Company A, 51st Tennessee, and transferred.

Corp. Newt McMillin was elected second lieutenant at the reorganization in Corinth in May, 1862.

Anderson, J, D., was discharged for disability in 1861.

Alston, G. P., was present at the surrender in 1865. Boyd, J. E., died in 1864 in the service.

Baird, A. H., was elected cavalry orderly sergeant at Corinth, and was mortally wounded in the battle of Perryville, October 8,1862.

Carnes, W. N., was present at the surrender. He was wounded at Perryville.

Calhoun, George C., died in service at Corinth in May, 1862.

Calhoun, J, W., prisoner of war.

Cummins, J. H., wounded at Chickamauga September 19, 1863, later commissioned adjutant of the regiment, and was present at the surrender in April, 1865.

Chambers, E. O., killed in battle at Shiloh. Dolen, John, wounded at Chickamauga. Dunlap, James, severely wounded at Shiloh.

Davies, J. A., missing from the battle of Coal Creek, supposed to have been killed,
Davis, W. H., prisoner at time of surrender.

Dickens, G. A., killed in the battle of Chickamauga.

Daniels, F. A., killed in the battle of Chickamauga.

Forsyth, Joseph, at last call in April, 1865.

Ford, A. E., killed in the battle of Atlanta, 1864.

Futhey, William J., severely wounded and disabled in the battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862.

Gibbs, Robert, appointed on his application at Corinth ensign of the regiment, and killed in battle of Perryville.

Gee, J. W., killed in the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Gross, I., killed in battle at Shiloh.

Gross, J., transferred to 57th Tennessee and killed in 1862.

Hall, Junius L., elected captain of Company G in May, 1862, killed July 22, 1864, in battle at Atlanta.

Hall, John Green, elected second lieutenant in 1865, was present at the surrender in April, 1865.

Holmes, W. B., present in April, 1865, at surrender.

Holmes, J. P., severely wounded at Perryville, Ky., but rejoined his command in 1864, and was elected first lieutenant.

Houck, B. F., detailed in 1861 as teamster, and served as such to the end.

Hanna, J. K., wounded at Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1863.

Hill, J. S., present at the last roll call in April, 1865.

Haynie, T. J., severely wounded at Jonesboro, Ga., August 31, 1864.
Haynie, J. H., severely wounded at Chickamauga.

Haynie, David H., killed by an accident (a falling tree) at Dalton, Ga., in 1864.

Jones, L., died in the service in 1862. Jones, Ed, wounded at Shiloh, and discharged at Corinth.

Kent, Leb, killed in the battle of Chickamauga.

Lemmon, James W., wounded at Perryville in 1862, present at last roll call.

Luelling, J. E., served as teamster from 1862.

Lane, R. S., killed in the battle of Chickamauga.

McQuiston, Hugh C., mortally wounded at Franklin.

Marshall, Robert, killed in the battle of Perryville.

Marshall, Hector, killed in the battle of Chickamauga.

Marshall, W. H., severely wounded in the battle of Shiloh.

Marshall, R. A., wounded in the battle of Chickamauga.

Meux, Thomas R., appointed assistant surgeon of the 9th Regiment in 1862, and was present at the last roll call.

Meux, J. W., was complimented by general order from General Beauregard for capturing the battle flag of the 2d Minnesota Battery B at Shiloh April 7, 1852, and was detailed by him to carry it to President Davis at Richmond, which he did, died at Tupelo, Miss., in July, 1862.

Melton, T. S., mortally wounded in the battle of Perryville.

McDill, Winfield Scott, killed in battle at Chickamauga.

McDill, William J., killed in battle at Franklin.
McDill, George Wä severely wounded at Perryville, Ky., twice taken prisoner, but was exchanged and was present at the last roll call in 1862.

McClanahan, John, killed in battle at Perryville, Ky.

McLennan, D. M., wounded at Shiloh and again in the Georgia campaign in 1863.

Mills, H. H., killed in the battle of Chickamauga.

Miller, Robert, died in service at Tupelo, Miss., July, 1862.

Mason, Ben, transferred to 51st Tennessee in 1862, died at Atlanta in 1863.

Paine, John L., discharged in 1862 for inability, later raised Company C, 12th Tennessee Cavalry.

Price, W. H., died in service at Humboldt, Tenn., April, 1862.

Page, Elbert, severely wounded at Shiloh.

Robison, John, captured and reported to have died in prison.

Sweet, S. E., lost right arm and suffered other wounds in the battle of Chickamauga. After nine months in hospital, he returned to the command on Hood's march into Tennessee.

Sweet, John H,. killed in the battle of Franklin, Tenn.

Smith, Ben, died in September, 1862.

Smith, J. D., killed in the battle of Shiloh. Smith, R. Eä transferred to Kentucky cavalry and killed at Jackson, Miss.

334 Confederate Veteran July 1911

Templeton, Al, killed in battle at Franklin.

Templeton, A. A. (Gus), severely wounded at Atlanta.

Tinnen, John, served as teamster from 1862.

Trobaugh, A., killed in battle at Shiloh.

Turnage, W. I., served as teamster from 1862. Vaughan,

T. S., wounded at Shiloh, at last roll call. Walker,

T. J., wounded several times, answered last roll call.

Walker, J. E., died at Columbus in 1861.

Wilkins, A. B., killed in the battle of Chickamauga.Wilkins, John, killed in the battle before Atlanta, Ga.

Ward, A., lost right leg in the battle of Perryville.

Young, William, succeeded J. D. Calhoun as orderly sergeant in June, 1861, elected second lieutenant May 7, 1862, severely wounded at Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862, and again severely wounded at Chickamauga.

(Every company of the Confederate army deserves such a record as the foregoing. This is given, not merely in tribute to those worthy men, but as a sample of fatalities in the Confederate service.

ANDREW JACKSON VISITED GEORGIA INCOG. (Dr. R. J. Massey, in Atlanta Constitution.)

The recent account of the visit of General Washington to Georgia in 1791 and the flaming accounts heralded throughout the nation in the newspapers of the recent visits of Presidents Taft and Roosevelt to the State bring to mind a visit which Gen. Andrew Jackson made to Georgia in 1840, of which very few people in Georgia know anything.

After retiring from the presidential chair in 1836, General Jackson returned to the Hermitage, his beautiful estate near Nashville, Tenn. Here till the end of his life he lived in retirement much after the manner of the well to do Southern planter.

In 1840 he took a notion to take a tour South, traveling entirely incog. He went in an old fashioned barouche, a plain, cheap, four wheel carriage with four seats and reversible top. His favorite servant and a couple of good Tennessee horses completed his outfit. He passed through Middle Georgia and by my father's house, which was on the road between Madison and Greensboro. He stopped for several days with a kinsman near Greensboro, strictly enjoining upon this kinsman not to let anybody know who he was. 
On Sunday, as was usually the case in those good old days, several neighbors called in to make the acquaintance of their neighbor's visitor. Soon the conversation turned to politics, especially on nullification, and in this they took occasion to handle General Jackson's name pretty roughly, saying some hard things about him, to all of which Jackson in a very complacent manner answered, defending himself. Finally this man, finding that his auditor was getting the best of the argument, intimated that he was probably the recipient of some favor from the old general, that there was some personal tie between them, which made it to his interest to take up such a line of defense. To this Jackson answered that he himself individually had known General Jackson for many years, had often been with him during his several campaigns, was with him in Congress, and very intimate with him during the whole eight years of his presidency, and he could not believe such things of General Jackson. These remarks were a stunner to the visitor. He was curious to know how one man could have been with General Jackson so long and in so many capacities. To this question General Jackson very courteously replied: "Sir, I am Andrew Jackson."

Being much confused and embarrassed General Jackson's pardon was asked, when he replied: "Sir, no offense has been committed. It has been a great pleasure to me to enlighten you on this subject. I only ask in return that you do me the kindness to enlighten others as I have you whenever opportunity presents itself."

After several hours of very pleasant conversation, the visitors learned many important facts, and during their long lives General Jackson never had better friends than old man Colsby and the other neighbors. These facts I got direct from Mr. Quinn Ellison, the cousin above referred to.
CLAY AND RANDOLPH DUEL.

Ill spite of his singularly affable manners, Henry Clay was a good deal of a fighter. Thrice he was involved in "affairs of honor," in which fortunately only a little blood was spilled. Clay's first duel was fought at twenty six, while a member of the Kentucky Legislature, his opponent being Col. Joseph Hamilton Davies. His second appearance was with Humphrey Marshall, a distinguished Kentuckian. The last was with John Randolph of Roanoke.

In 1826 Randolph was nearing the end of his singularly erratic career, and at times he was irresponsible, largely because of his custom of speaking and otherwise indulging himself without restraint. Jefferson had caused his overthrow from power in the House.

The voice still lived, however, and in the early part of the administration of John Quincy Adams his remarks were very often of the most personal and offensive character. The limit was reached, however, when in a speech on the Panama Congress resolution he referred to Adams and Clay as the "Puritan and the Blackleg."

Upon hearing of this Clay sent his friend, General Jesup, to interrogate Randolph, at the same time giving him the usual letter to be handed over if the interview was not satisfactory. Randolph failed to retract, and as the affair had gone too far to call it off, it was found necessary for the two to meet on the field of honor, and see how well they could keep up the bluff and fail to hit one another.
Saturday, the 8th of April, 1826, was the date fixed upon, and the right bank of the Potomac, within the State of Virginia, above the Little Falls Bridge, the place. When Mr. Randolph received the challenge, he informed the deliverer that "Mr. Clay may fire at me for what has offended him, I will not by returning the fire admit his right to do so." It was evident, then, that it was to be a bloodless duel so far as the challengee was concerned. And evidently the challenger was of the same disinclination to shed blood. When the order was given to fire, Mr, Clay aimed so low that the gravel flew in every direction from the shot. When Mr. Randolph fired, he discharged his pistol in the air, and said, "I did not fire at you, Mr. Clay," and immediately advanced and offered his hand. Clay met him in the same spirit, the duelists shaking hands.

Mr. Randolph looked for an instant into the face of his opponent and said, "Mr. Clay, you owe me a coat," the bullet having passed through the skirt of the coat very near the hip, to which Mr. Clay promptly and happily replied: "I am glad the debt is no greater."

Thus ended the last of the duels fought by the great statesmen. It was begun with the greatest seriousness and ended in a farce. Clay was a man who had an abundance of the personal pride of his section, and to be referred to as a "blackleg," even by Randolph, was more than his nature could stand. Randolph's greatest fault was his too free use of the invectives that sting, and he was almost constantly in trouble.

On the Monday following the duel the two men exchanged cards, and social relations were formally and courteously restored.

Randolph was not alone in his charges that there was a corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay, which secured the election of the former to the presidency and the latter the office of Secretary of State under him. That there never was a corrupt bargain or anything like it is now accepted as certain, as undoubted as any fact in history. Clay said there was not, and "he never lied." Adams said there was not, and "he couldn't lie if he tried." Benton, who knew better than any one else the inside of politics of those days, also said there was not, and he was opposed to Clay politically all his days.

THIRTEENTH ALABAMA ARCHER'S BRIGADE.

BY W. A. CASTLEBERRY, MINDEN, LA.

I enlisted in the 13th Alabama Regiment, Company F, in June, 1861. In July we went to Richmond, where we were when the first battle of Manassas was fought. We went to Yorktown in August, and served under General Magruder until McClellan's army advanced up the peninsula, I was detailed as a scout with two other men Evans, from the 6th Georgia Regiment, and Waft, from the 8th Alabama Regiment. Our duty was to watch out for the enemy and report to Colonel Winston, of the 8th Alabama. However, we were separated on the 9th of March, 1862, on the Sunday that the Merrimac was having its battle at the mouth of the James River. We were at this time in sight of Newport News. I have never since heard from either of my brother scouts.

I reported that night, though, to General Magruder, and was detailed at headquarters until Yorktown was evacuated. I was then ordered back to my company (F), which had during this time been serving in heavy artillery in the garrison for seven months. Our regiment was put in General Colquitt's brigade, and we were the last troops to leave Yorktown. We left about four o'clock on the morning of April 1, and marched rapidly to Williamsburg.

We were in the battle of Williamsburg, after which there was no more fighting until the battle of Seven Pines, when we were transferred to Archer's Brigade, and served with it through all the hard fighting until after the battle of Gettysburg. Archer's Brigade opened that battle and was then surrounded, the supply of ammunition having been exhausted. In Archer's Brigade there were three Tennessee regiments, the 1st, 7th, and 14th, and also the 13th Alabama.
General Archer, was captured at Gettysburg, and as I was then color bearer, he told me to drop the flag, and he broke his sword in the ground, so that the enemy might not get either. He told us that we could not fight without ammunition. While the enemy was marching our officers I thought of what my colonel, Akin, had told me when he gave me the colors at the battle of Chancellorsville. He said: "Don't let the Yankees have them." So, in order to keep the Yankees from getting them, I tore the flag from the staff and put it in my bosom. As I started off a Yankee struck me with his sword and cursed me, telling me to come back. I told him I would die if I did not get a drink of water soon, for I claimed to be very sick.

As General Longstreet was to support General Archer, I knew he must be near, so I crawled along in the wheat. Sure enough, General Longstreet's men came firing, and right there I offered up my check and stretched myself out, for the wheat was being cut down by Minie balls. General Longstreet charged, as usual, and as the men jumped over me they would say: "Here is one of our men dead out here." As they drove the enemy I made my way to a skirt of timber and got behind a cord of wood to watch the battle, for I could see both armies concentrating. About the time I was well fixed a fellow came galloping up and asked: "To what command do you belong?" I answered of course: "Archer's Brigade." As I was sick and mad, you know, I didn't want to be bothered right then. I saw some horses down under the hill. Then he came galloping back and told me that General Lee said for me to come down there. Of course I felt very strange, because I thought I would be put under guard. General Lee asked me if I belonged to General Archer's brigade, and upon my replying that I was he asked if General Archer was killed I told him no, and he said: "Are you certain that he is not killed?" I told him that I was certain, as I saw him break his sword in the ground. He asked how far away it was to where he was captured, and I pointed to the timber where he had surrendered. General Lee seemed very glad to know that General Archer had not been killed. 
General Lee then said to me: "We are forming a hospital near some springs about a mile from here, so you go out there and get all your men you can together, and don't let any one put you in battle to day." I took the colors from my breast and showed them to him. He rubbed the tears from his eyes and said: "Go on."

This was the first day of July, and on the fourth day of the same month the few men that were left of Archer's Brigade were attached to Brockenbrough's Brigade.

I was in all the great battles in Virginia, and received one furlough at Petersburg for meritorious conduct. In 1864 I was at Charleston the day that General Archer was exchanged. I brought the colors home with me from Appomattox C. H,

WHO IS THY NEIGHBOR?

BY J. M. EMERY, CHICAGO, ILL.

On my way home from Andersonville late in March, 1865, we stopped at Jackson, Miss., where news reached us of the capture of the ambulance train sent out from Vicksburg. It was captured by bushwhackers, who killed the drivers, burned the ambulances, and escaped with the horses. Dr. John C. Bates, C. S. A., who was in command, gave us the information, and said if there were any who thought they were able to march the forty four miles to Vicksburg in four days he would provide a wagon with provisions and a guard, and we could get an early start the next morning.

About seventy five undertook the journey. Twelve reached a blacksmith shop ten miles distant that evening. I was among that number. The driver of the wagon, being a young lad like myself, suggested that I "keep close to the back of the wagon," which permitted me to hang on to the tailboard with one hand, making the journey possible. We made the ten to eleven miles each day. On the third day the wagon left us to return to Jackson. As we approached a large swamp crossed by a well worn corduroy road I found it quite impossible to proceed, having to use a crutch, and I persuaded the "boys" who were with me to leave me at the roadside near a large tree and send back an ambulance for me when they reached our lines.

Soon after they had gone I heard the tramp of a horse and the old Southern song, "There's No Use Kicking Up a Row." Very soon the horseman was in hailing distance and I called out: "Hallo, there, Johnny!" Not seeing me, he stopped and looked around, and I called again. He then rode up to me. My legs were so badly swollen by the march and scurvy that I had been obliged to rip my pants, leaving my limbs at the mercy of the flies. As he approached me he said: "Why, Yank, what are you doing here?" I answered his question, concluding with: "I haven't got very much, but I'll give you all if you will let me ride your horse across this swamp." He dismounted, saying: "What's the matter with you?" I simply threw the old ragged pants off my legs, saying: "You can see for yourself." He then said, "It would be a hard hearted man who would refuse you a ride. Give me your hand, Yank," and he helped me on his horse, saying: "Let old Boney have a free rein and he'll take you safely over the swamp, and I'll go over the logs and catch you there."
I frequently liken this incident to the "man on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho" and the Master's answer to the question: "Who is thy neighbor?" This young soldier was from Texas.

TWO BROTHERS IN LAW FOUR GENERATIONS.

Two families of four generations compose one hundred and seventeen persons, fifty three in one of them without a death, and sixty four in the other with but one death. They are the families of two Confederate veterans, Jas. P. Kirk, of Tracy City, and J. W. Crick, of Bedford County, brothers in law.

Mr. Kirk and his wife, who are now at the ripe old ages of eighty two and seventy three years, respectively, have reared eleven children, eight boys and three girls, all of whom are grown and married. To these eleven married sons and daughters have been born thirty one children, some of whom are grown and married, and to them have been born nine children. Hence the four generations great grandparents, eleven children, thirty one grandchildren, and nine great grandchildren, all of whom are living.

To the union of Mr. Crick and wife thirteen children were born, nine of whom are boys and four girls. They are all grown, and all but one or two are married. To those of the thirteen who are married have been born forty children, some of whom are grown and married, and to them ten children have been born. The paternal parent and grandparent, aged eighty one, thirteen children, forty grandchildren, and ten great grandchildren are living, the maternal parent and grandparent having passed away long since.

James B. Kirk served four years in the Confederate army, being a member of Company A, 44th Tennessee Infantry. He did valiant service on many memorable battlefields, and was wounded in the great battle at Chickamauga. While at Petersburg, Va., he was captured by the Federals and taken a prisoner to Elmira, N. Y., where he was held for eight months. Mr. Crick also did four years of active service in the army of the Confederacy, having met the foe in skirmish and on the field in the greatest battles of the war. He is proud of his record.
TRIP OF SCOUTS FROM CHATTANOOGA, TO ATLANTA. W. F. Hays writes from Boerne, Tex.:, "My father in law, V. B. Hamlin, requests me to write to you in answer to your inquiry seeking to know whether any one of the scouts who went from Chattanooga to Atlanta in the service of the Confederacy is yet living. He is one of them, and will be seventyfour years old this June. He resides here, and remembers many interesting incidents of that secret service. I have written some short sketches of his closest calls in those times. Relative to old flags, he says that he was color bearer at Arkansas Post when the flag, presented by the ladies of Victoria to his company, was captured from him. Of course it was not a regular battle flag. He thinks that he can give the address of an ex Union soldier who can put searchers on the trail to locate Gen. Pat Cleburne's sword."

INFORMATION CONCERNING WAR RECORD OF JOHN R. WALLACE DESIRED. Mrs. R. C. Wallace, of Piedmont, S. C., is seeking to establish the war record of her husband, John R. Wallace, who is said to have been a member of Hannon's company of the 5 1st or 53d Alabama Cavalry, Wheeler's command, and enlisted from Coosa County, now Elmore, Ala. He will appreciate hearing from any surviving comrades who remember him.

Confederate Veteran July 1911

STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND "NEW NATIONALISM."

BY MISS KATE MASON ROWLAND, RICHMOND, VA.

The small faction in the Convention of 1787 that would have made a "national" instead of a Federal government to succeed that under the Articles of Confederation went down to well merited defeat. The sovereign States gave to their creature, the Federal agent, certain delegated powers only, and with them remained the inherent, inalienable rights of sovereign communities. Such certainly was the theory and belief of the framers of the Constitution. Mr. Walter Neale in his address to the survivors of the 8th Virginia Regiment delivered on the battlefield of Manassas July 21, 1910, recently issued in book form, shows that the Constitution was, and continues to be, perverted and its purpose frustrated. This little volume, entitled "The Sovereignty of the States," consists of three chapters: "The American Kingdoms," "The American Republics," "The American Absolute Monarchy." Defining a nation as consisting of persons "that are organized under one civil government," its author argues very plausibly that the colonies were sovereign nations in the sense that the component parts of the British Empire are sovereign.

VIRGINIA A KINGDOM.

Taking Virginia, the oldest among them, as a model, she acknowledged the king as her head, but she made her own laws, and refused to submit to the behests of Parliament in which she was not represented. Virginia made the "fifth kingdom." As Mr. Neale reminds us, Spenser dedicated his great poem to Queen Elizabeth as the sovereign of "England, France, and Ireland, and of Virginia." Charles II. in acknowledging Virginia as a coequal kingdom with England, Scotland, France, and Ireland added the motto to his coat of arms: "En dat Virginia quintam." No doubt Virginians gave willing allegiance to their king until the period of the Revolution, And the doctrine of "divine right" only gradually gave way to the Whig theory of kingly power. The sovereign, it was here predicated, had made a tacit contract with his people. If he violated this contract, his subjects were absolved from their fealty.

It was upon this ground that the Americans in 1776 justified the Revolution, and they resented the epithet "rebel" as applied to them by the British, claiming that the usurpations of Parliament and the pretensions of George III. placed the stigma of "rebellion" upon these parties to the quarrel and not upon the colonists. In our own day we have seen the action of the sovereign States of the South in the great war forced upon them in 1861 called "rebellion" by a section which boasts of its Revolutionary record, yet has violated every principle for which its people then fought. In retaliation, as we must suppose, Mr. Neale all through his treatment of this period terms the Revolution the "rebellion" and gives to the patriots the name of "rebels." But he is hardly to be taken seriously in much of this chapter and that which follows. Yet while he derides the Revolution and the "rabble," he at the same time declares of the Federal Constitution that "under the form of Federal confederation that our fathers intended to establish the human race in America would have been capable of its highest development."
MAJORITY NOT FOR REVOLUTION.

Mr. Neale maintains that the Revolution was not desired by the majority of the colonists, and that it was the work of the baser elements in each community. He fortifies his contention by an array of statistics, demonstrating that Washington never could get out the full fighting strength of the colonies, that his armies were lamentably small in proportion to the population and made up of what Mr. Neale calls the "rabble," since the commander in chief often found fault with them. The king then could have suppressed the "rebellion'" had he been very anxious to do so. "George descended," says Mr. Neale, "from the throne of each American nation: but surely he was forced off the throne of none." And George Washington, after all, never threw a sovereign across the Atlantic.

THE NEW COMPACT.

In regard to "the new compact," as Washington phrased it, "the treaty of 1788," as Mr. Neale styles the Constitution, men like Patrick Henry, George Mason, and Thomas Jefferson saw clearly the danger that threatened the States through several of its clauses. Alexander Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris doubtless rejoiced in the prospect of eventually obtaining the ends of centralization by means of the Federal judiciary. Mr. Neale in his account of "Government Under the Supreme Court of the United States" or "The American Absolute Monarchy" gives interesting quotations from a new book, coming through the press at the same time with his own, "A Study in Alexander Hamilton," by Mr. Fontaine T. Fox, of Louisville, Ky.
The American people,

says Mr. Fox, "through the doctrine of implied powers are living not under the Federal Constitution, but under the government of the Federal Supreme Court a government created out of its own imagination in defiance of the Constitution which the judicial oath required it to support and defend. And that court is to day, as it never has ceased to be, the exponent of Alexander Hamilton's political principles through John Marshall's judicial decisions which have been accepted and followed as infallible."

Could Marshall have foreseen the fate of his beloved Virginia, surely he would have stayed his hand as he shaped the new instrument and directed it in the path that would bring it over the bodies of prostrate States.

Immense strides have been made since the war against the Confederacy on this road to ruin. The "new nationalism" of a restless and dangerous demagogue is its latest development.

OBLITERATION OF STATE LINES.

As a sign Of the times a curious instance of the obliteration of State lines and the exaltation of the "Nation" with a big "N" is related by Mr. Neale. In the public schools of the city of New York the children are taught to "salute" the United States flag and to repeat this vow: "I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the republic for which it stands. One nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." One wonders if the children of New York know that they have a State flag or that they owe their first allegiance to the sovereign State to which their schools belong.But, as Mr. Neale observes, the encroachments of the Federal government, so persistent and insidious, are come to be regarded even by Southern States with apathy or indifference. He notes that South Carolina, the home of Calhoun, that noblest champion of States' rights, voted for the income tax amendment to the Federal Constitution. And at this time four other Southern States Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Maryland have gone on record as indorsing this amendment. It is to the glory of Virginia that she has firmly rejected a measure of such centralizing tendencies that, as has been said, "would put the Federal government in direct contact with the individual citizens in the everyday affairs of life. The eyes of the Federal inspector would be in every man's counting room." In conclusion Mr. Neale, after alluding to the horrors of 
Reconstruction, writes of the two peculiar outrages perpetrated upon the South of which they have still to complain the "in demnity by pension laws" and the "indemnity by tariff laws." He says: "The defeated nations were right in their contention that as sovereignties they could withdraw from the treaty of 1788 and its amendments, for they had reserved that right to themselves. But the force of might made right, so the victors, in violation of the terms of surrender, seized all the right that might gave to them. Not only were the vanquished made to pay billions in pensions to those they had fought, their widows, and their minor children, but they were made to pay fully three times as much more in pensions to those they had not fought and their widows and their minor children. Every dollar of indemnity, save a small amount paid to negroes, was spent beyond the lands of the defeated nations, and not one penny of all those enormous payments was returned to the defeated peoples. Moreover, unless the pension laws are changed, the posterity of the men who fought for the Southern nations will continue to pay pensions during the next fifty years or more. Has any victorious people other than those who fought against the Southern countries ever so horribly mutilated a fallen foe? The devices of the victors by which they took the frugal earnings of the vanquished from them were not limited to the pension outrages. For half a century the Southern communities have been forced to bear burdens of taxation under a tariff more outrageous than I have words to describe. The industries of the South have been stifled, the fields of the South have been laid bare that Northern industries might be built up. The infernal tariffs of the past fifty years have really constituted indirect income taxation levied upon all Southerners. Scornfully do the victors revile us. They say that we of the South are poor, but they do not say that they steal from us the little that they permit us to earn, now by tariff laws, now by pension laws, now by legislation so varied that for want of time such Federal enactments may not be discussed in this oration."

No Southerner who gives his attention to these facts can fail to share the burning indignation of the author as he recounts them. The passion and the pain of the troubled past, long dormant perhaps, leap to life again, awakened and responsive to the fiery touch of feeling. And for many of us memory thus evoked recalls our "Lost Atlantis," and we long to see once more in the land, to give us justice and fair dealing, the dear Confederacy of our youth, to which the English scholar paid that matchless tribute, "No nation rose so white and fair or fell so free of crimes."

EXCHANGE OF CIVIL WAR PRISONERS.

BY JOHN BROADUS MITCHELL.

We commonly say: "Had there been immediate exchange, there would have been no prisons, no prisoners, and no prison sufferings." This is true. But we say further: "Had there been immediate exchange, it would have been equally to the interests of both sides, and the poor resources of the South or the better conditions prevailing in the North would have affected captives not at all, since they would have been held for no length of time," Here we go wrong. Exchange of prisoners was not equally advantageous to North and South. It was to the interests of the Confederacy, but not of the Federal government. The Confederacy could summon to her ranks only so many men, the Federals had unlimited numbers to draw from. The North might have sixty or eighty thousand troops in captivity, the South had imminent need for her every man.

Thus we see that from the standpoint of the Federal government no exchange was a policy of war. No exchange was good war, but poor humanity. We are left to decide whether it was better, so long as a war had been entered into and was being conducted, to act for its interests, or whether it was wrong not to answer to the universal call of humanity. The captives pleaded humanity, the authorities conducting the war pleaded fighting policy. I would say that the North ought to have acted on the grounds of humanity, since the South lay ultimately in her power. It quickened the result of the war to refuse exchange of prisoners, but the outcome would have been the same, though farther off.

However, taking no position on either side of the matter, it is interesting to look at the facts of the exchange question. First, the cartel began with the capture of the Savannah, a Southern privateering vessel, off Charleston June 3, 1861. Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring all private vessels carrying arms to be pirates, but the British House of Lords declared privateering by the law of nations not piracy, and Lincoln dared not carry out his proclamation. The captured crew could not be regarded as prisoners of war, since the Confederacy was not granted by the United States government the rights of belligerents. This made the matter complex. When the friends of those captured on the Savannah made complaint, the Federal General Wool on February 14, 1862, entered into an arrangement for exchange of prisoners with the Confederate Gen. Howell Cobb. But they split on the matter of transportation to the boundary, and Wool referred the discussion to the authorities at Washington. They would not agree to pay transportation, so General Cobb gave in on the Federal terms. The whole thing was then dropped by the Washington government, and when they got Forts Donelson and Henry, they had the preponderance of prisoners and quit treating with "Rebels" on equal terms.
The Seven Days' battles around Richmond and other Confederate victories gave the South the preponderance of prisoners. Gen, John A. Dix for the Federals and Gen. D. H. Hill for the Confederates, having entered into negotiations with regard to the prisoners, adopted on July 22, 1862, the cartel of exchange.

The main provisions of the cartel were as follows: Officers were to be exchanged for officers of equal rank or for a stipulated number of men. In the navy all non commissioned officers and petty officers were equivalent to two men or common seamen. Crews of captured privateers were to be considered as prisoners of war. Surplus prisoners were not to guard prison stores of supplies or to do field work or take up arms in any way or perform the work of soldiers, but were simply to remain in captivity. All prisoners were to be discharged on parole within ten days after capture. Each government was to pay transportation of its prisoners to a point mutually agreed upon. Prisoners had to be restored to their commands before the exchange was complete. As paroles were made, each party was to furnish the other with lists of the men liberated, so as to keep the exchange straight. Paroled prisoners were to take up arms in no form whatever.
Article VI. reads: "The stipulations and provisions above mentioned to be of binding obligation during the continuance of the war, it matters not which party may have the surplus of prisoners."

The ninth article provided that should any misunderstanding arise regarding the cartel the prisoners should continue to be released on parole, and the few doubtful cases left for friendly and deliberate discussion at a later date.
Who is responsible for the abandonment of the cartel by the first violation of it is a question much contended. "The Libby Chronicle," a collection of writings by the prisoners which was read out by the compiler every week or so, had an article claiming that the Confederate authorities had committed the first sin by retaining certain Federal officers in an unjust manner. Among these were the staff of Colonel Streights and Captain McKee, of the 14th Kentucky Cavalry. The article was written with a view to pacifying the maledictions of the Libby prisoners against the Washington government by a lieutenant colonel of their number. But it is said by Southerners that the Confederacy carried out the cartel in good faith until the North had broken nearly every one of its stipulations, and had at last denied the validity of the cartel itself. In a letter of August 17, 1868, to the National Intelligencer Robert Ould, the Confederate Commissioner of Exchange, wrote: "On the other hand, during the same time the cartel was openly and notoriously violated by the Federal authorities."

Certain it is that the North vacillated in the exchange of prisoners, whereas the South stood always ready to exchange on whatever terms the Federals would adopt for the good of the prisoners. "It was the desire of the Confederate authorities to effect a continuous and speedy exchange of prisoners of war." (R. E. Lee in a letter to Dr. Charles Carter, of Philadelphia, dated Lexington, Va., April 7, 1867.)
So long as the South had the preponderance of prisoners and the North could claim exchange on the many soldiers paroled and returned to her by the South, the Federal government observed the cartel. When the tables turned and the North got the preponderance, and so was paroling prisoners for whom she got no immediate returns, the thing changed color to the Washington authorities, and the fourth article of the cartel, providing for the return of prisoners within ten days of their capture, was declared by them null and void. (From the arrangement of the cartel, July, 1862, to the summer of 1863, the Confederates had the excess of prisoners.) All deliveries made subsequently to this were by special arrangement. Thus for the remainder of the war twenty two months there was no cartel for regular exchange.

Several points regarding the exchange came up as questionable. What was the status of men captured commanding slaves they had seduced from their masters and armed for rebellion? Were they to be considered prisoners of war? Or, since they had stirred up to fighting slaves which were the property of the South, were they not murderers?
Then there arose a point as to the negroes captured. They were perhaps not to be used in exchange at all, as being the property of the South before their capture. (The prisons never had negroes in them for any length of time. Upon capture they were either sent back to their old masters or put to work upon Southern fortifications. Thus if captured the negro's condition was about the same as when a slave with his master.) The North took the stand that the captured negroes were soldiers of the United States armies and should be exchanged in return for Confederates. As regards the Northern view in the matter a sentence from Lieutenant Page is good: "Allowing that it was true that the Confederate authorities refused to exchange negro soldiers for Rebel soldiers, did it better the condition of the poor negro held as a prisoner to have no exchange of white Union soldiers?" ("The True Story of Andersonville Prison," p. 107.)

It is claimed with some weight that the talk after the war of negroes having affected the exchange of prisoners was not founded on fact, since at the time the Northern authorities abandoned the cartel there were no negro prisoners. The difference, however, did affect conditions.

The attitude of Secretary of War Stanton and of General Grant that no exchange so long as the North held the excess of prisoners was a necessity of war is best seen in their own communications on the subject. On August 8, 1864, Grant sent the following telegram to General Butler: "On the subject of exchange of prisoners, however, I differ with General Hitchcock. It is hard on our men held in Southern prisons not to release them, but it is humanity to those left in the ranks to fight our battless. To commence a system of exchange now, which liberates all prisoners taken, we will have to fight on until the whole South is exterminated. If we hold those already caught, they amount to no more than so many dead men. At this particular time to release Rebel prisoners would insure Sherman's defeat and compromise our safety here." Grant says in his "Memoirs" that the exchanged Confederate was equal on the defensive to three Union soldiers attacking.
Stanton's words are well known: "We will not exchange able bodied men for skeletons. We do not propose to reenforce the Rebel army by exchanging prisoners."

In a letter from Washington September 30, 1864, H. W. Halleck, major general and chief of staff, says to Major General Foster, in charge of exchange of prisoners at Hilton Head, S C. : "Hereafter no exchange of prisoners shall be entertained except on the field when captured." General Grant in a telegram August 21, 1864, to Secretary Stanton says: "Please inform General Foster that under no circumstances will he be authorized to make an exchange of prisoners of war. Exchange simply reenforces the enemy at once, while we do not get the benefit for two or three months, and lose the majority entirely. I telegraph this from just hearing that some rive or six hundred prisoners have been sent to General Foster."

On one occasion, when General Ould had effected arrangements with General Butler for an exchange at Fortress Monroe, Grant's order that no able bodied man should be exchanged without his consent came into effect. (General Butler stated on the floor of Congress that after he had arranged with the Confederate authorities for an exchange of prisoners on his own terms, the whole plan was defeated by the intercession of Mr. Stanton and General Grant. They claimed that by such an exchange Lee would get thirty thousand fresh troops, and that Grant's position at Petersburg would be endangered and the war prolonged.) A little later Grant telegraphed to Butler to take all the sick and wounded the Confederates would send him, but to return no more in exchange therefor.
At one time President Davis ordered General Lee to go under a flag of truce to Grant and ask in the name of humanity that exchange of prisoners be granted, showing him how proper care of the captives was beyond control of the South. Grant did not allow the interview, and treated everything with a deaf ear. On Lee's testimony before the Congressional Reconstruction Committee he said: "I made several efforts to exchange the prisoners after the cartel was suspended." When his attempts at exchange had met only with failure. General Lee reported to President Davis: "We have done everything in our power to mitigate the suffering of prisoners, and there is no just cause for a sense of further responsibility on our part."

Ould wrote from Richmond August 10, 1864, to Major Mulford, Assistant Agent of Exchange for the Federals, that 
while previously the South had held off from offers of exchange by the North, insisting on the terms of the cartel providing for the parole of the excess of prisoners on each side, the Confederacy was then willing, on account of the sufferings among the large number of prisoners held by both sections, to exchange on the terms of the North, officer for officer and man for man. By this all the Federal prisoners in the South would have been released, and many of the Confederates in the North, while the North would still have had some captives left to use for exchange in the future, the Federals having the excess of prisoners at this time. But no answer was received to this or a similar letter to General Hitchcock.

General Lee once offered to exchange all the prisoners in Virginia and North Carolina for Confederates held in the North, man for man. When he referred it to the War Department in Richmond, he was instructed to extend the offer to include all the South. Nothing was heard from the Federal authorities in answer to this.

Not exactly a part of the exchange question, but bearing on it and passing through the same channels of communication, are two instances regarding the hospitals. In a dispatch of January 4, 1864, to General Hitchcock, the Federal Agent of Exchange, Ould suggested that each side send medical officers and surgeons to look out for its own men in prison, and that these officers have power to receive and distribute commissaries, clothes, etc., and to make report not only as to the medical departments, but concerning anything touching the welfare of the prisoners. To this the Federal authorities never made reply of any kind. The greatest gain, had this gone through, would have been correct statements by educated, reliable gentlemen regarding the treatment of prisoners, North and South.

When Secretary Seddon knew the contents of Chander's report regarding the conditions existing at Andersonville, he sent R. G. H. Kean, Chief of the War Bureau, early in August, 1864, down the James in flag of truce boat to General Mulford. Kean informed Mulford of the terrible situation at Andersonville, and arrangements were devised for the North to send medicines and surgeons to that point, and for the South to do similarly for her men in the North. These things Mulford communicated to his next superiors, and in two or three weeks got a refusal of Ould's proposals. This refusal Mulford sent to Ould, and he in turn to Seddon. Then the South made her final offer for the prisoners of war she held, and it was not acted upon until terrible things had happened.

Seddon sent Ould down the James to tell Mulford that within three days after the Federal authorities should have transports at the mouth of the Savannah River to receive them the Confederacy would deliver ten thousand sick and wounded prisoners, whether equivalent was had or not, and that if the number could not be made up from the hospitals well men would be added.

Mulford, impressed by the condition at Andersonville and this humane proposal, went in person to Washington to make the communication. He went into Secretary Stanton's office and urged prompt action. The offer was accepted, but fifteen thousand men perished before it was complied with. The offer was made and accepted in August. The transports did not arrive until after three months, the last of November and first of December. During this time the mortality was greater than ever before. The fifteen thousand deaths occurring are to be answered for by Stanton.

The Confederacy sent thirteen thousand prisoner, to go aboard the transports, including five thousand well men. (The number had been increased somewhat over the original proposal.) While no equivalent was asked for or expected, the North sent with the transports three thousand Confederates.

TESTIMONY AS TO CAUSE OF LINCOLN'S MURDER.

We were much interested in a short article in the April number of Wake Forest Student. It was sent by George Anderson Foote, son of the late Dr. George A. Foote, of Warrenton, an honored and highly reputable physician. He first gives an extract from "Appleton's Cyclopedia of Biography" describing the hanging of that very gallant and meritorious officer, Capt. John Yates Beall. Beall was a native of Virginia, born in 1835, and hanged on the 24th of February, 1865, as a spy. A sketch was found among the papers of Dr. Foote, who was a surgeon in the Confederate army and was imprisoned at Fort Columbus, New York Harbor. Dr. Foote tells of the efforts made to save the life of Captain Beall, who was a regularly commissioned Confederate officer, by Governor Andrew, of Massachusetts, and others, but in vain. Dr. Foote's cell was adjoining Captain Beall's. Beall and John Wilkes Booth had been roommates at college, and were very dear friends. Booth tried in vain to secure Beall's release.

Dr. Foote's memorandum gives a statement of the common idea that President Lincoln was murdered by John Wilkes Booth because he was the head of the Northern States and was responsible for the war upon the South, that Booth, being in intense sympathy with the South had assassinated the President on account of his course in the war. After the plans failed, Dr. Foote says Booth hurried to Washington, and on his knees implored President Lincoln and Secretary Seward to pardon or at least respite Beall. Lincoln promised to do so, but that same night ordered his execution. Dr. Foote says: "This order was executed, and Beall was hanged within thirty yards of my window and inside Fort Columbus. Booth, for what he termed the perfidy of President Lincoln toward himself and friend Beall, at once swore to avenge his friend's death by killing both Lincoln and Seward. He did not intend to shoot Lincoln in the theater, but the contemplated opportunity did not present itself elsewhere. But for the fact that Booth's spur caught in the curtain that fatal night he would have escaped at least for a time. The war had nothing to do with the assassination of the President, it was due solely to revenge, which enmity was intensified by Booth's love and admiration for his friend. Booth went to New York the morning of Beall's execution, and being so grievously disappointed at what had occurred, he became measurably an insane man. I had not the least idea of Booth's plan to assassinate the President. This plan was known to only one man, and to him Booth revealed it only an hour before the assassination. That man begged him not to carry it out, and, finding that Booth was not to be turned from his revenge, left the city before the horrible tragedy occurred."
We were very intimate with Dr. Foote for many years. He was our family physician, and most attentive, sympathetic, and skillful. We always believed him truthful, honorable, and sincere, and believe his statement without reservation. Wilmington (N. C.) Messenger.

(Mrs. Frederick C. Roberts, of Newbern, N. C., in sending the above states: "The inclosed I found among my Confederateclippings, where it has been kept since its publication soon after the war. I have had copies made. I think it will bear preserving, as it is authentic. All the parties are well known) citizens and were brave soldiers.")

ESCAPED FROM POINT LOOKOUT PRISON.

(Mr. William S. Humphries, of Vesuvius, Rockbridge County, Va., a member of Company E, 5th Virginia Regiment, Stonewall Brigade, was one of the speakers at the banquet given at Lexington (report sadly delayed) by the Sons of the United Confederate Veterans to the Confederate veterans of Rockbridge on the occasion of the observance of Lee Jackson Day. Mr. Humphries related the story of his imprisonment at Point Lookout and his thrilling escape from that noted Federal prison. Nearly one hundred veterans were present and half that number of Sons.)

If I should give my remarks a title, it would be "Life during Fifteen Months in Prison, and How I Escaped from Point Lookout." At the outbreak of the war I did not enter the army, for a widowed mother and several brothers and sisters were dependent on me, but in the spring of 1862 I was a member of the college company. I participated in the campaigns of the Valley under Stonewall Jackson, when Generals Banks and Milroy were frequently surprised by Jackson and their stores and supplies captured. Among the engagements were the battles at Winchester, Cross Keys, Port Republic, the march from the Valley to Richmond, the Seven Days' Fight, back to Manassas, Cedar Mountain, and on to Sharpsburg. Then we returned to Fredericksburg, and at Camp Winder for the first time we stayed long enough at one place to go into camp. Up to that time the soldiers were subjected to such rapid movements that there was no time for camp life.

The spring of 1863 opened with a repetition of forced marches and frequent engagements, terminating with the raid into Pennsylvania and the battle of Gettysburg. I was captured in that battle, and with hundreds of other Confederate prisoners was taken to Fort Delaware. Among the prisoners was John McD. Alexander, of Lexington.

One day a fine looking, pompous old gentleman came into prison and asked if any men from Lexington, Va., were there, and Mr. Alexander came forward and said he was from Lexington. The visitor was Dr. Junkin, formerly President of Washington College. Later one of the prison officers came and inquired for Maj. J. McD. Alexander, saying he had a letter for him. Mr. Alexander made himself known, and was taken out by the officer, presumably to some other part of the prison. We thought it was a scheme to punish the Confederate officers apart from the privates. Mr. Alexander had some difficulty in proving that he was not such an officer.

After three months' imprisonment at Fort Delaware, we 'Were removed to Point Lookout, situated at the mouth of the Potomac River, and here were huddled together in a spot low and marshy and unhealthy. At first we were put in an old field with cornstalks and wild onions. Many prisoners were put to work, some working all day for rations. The area was thirty six acres fenced in with high fence, ten feet from which within the inclosure was a deep trench. Outside along the wall was a platform on which paced the guards. Beyond was another wall, and still farther was the bay. The camp was laid off in streets, with tents for the prisoners. The aggregation of men composed all sorts, from the dude to the hobo. Great ingenuity was shown by the men to while away their time, and many beautiful trinkets were made with rude tools, such as rings from buttons, fancy toys, etc. Numerous games were played and some gambled. The life was hard, and some of the men took the oath of the Federal government and were given their freedom, some joining the enemy's army and fighting against their own friends. A few tried to escape.

A number of prisoners operated a brick making plant inside the prison, the bricks being dried in the sun. The men tunneled under the wall and tried to escape. They came up just inside the wall, and five of them were shot. Their bodies were left on the ground for a whole day in order to show others what they might expect should they attempt to get out. On another occasion the late Capt. B. C. Rawlings, of Rockbridge, was detailed to go out of prison with other men and get wood. He had his men cover him up with brush, and at night he made his escape, getting fifteen miles from prison, when he was captured and taken back. His punishment was wearing a ball and chain.
Notwithstanding these failures of others to escape, I determined that I would make the attempt to get out. I told my plans to W. Bailey Dunlap, of Augusta County, and we decided to make a trial. We laid our plans and decided we would leave some dark night. We took into our confidence James Keeton, who promised to aid us. The plan was to get Keeton to assist us in getting over the wall by means of a ladder and then remove the ladder, so that we would not be discovered.

The night of September 26, 1864, was rainy and very dark, so that was our time to go. We called Keeton, and together we carried the ladder, which was procured from a building under construction. We watched for the guard, and when he walked his beat and turned to go back, the ladder was put against the wall. Dunlap went first and I followed, then Keeton took down the ladder, and we were on our way to freedom. We crawled to the edge of the bay through the storm of wind and rain. Proceeding carefully, we crept to the stock house and crawled around the building. At one time the guard stopped and looked in our direction. He was near us, and we thought he had seen us, but he moved on, and we hastened on. We passed a negro camp two miles up the bay, and emerged from the water and went into a cornfield. For the first time we felt like we were out of prison. We crossed Smith Creek and traveled all that night. We were guided in our direction by following telegraph poles. We rested in the woods the next day, and could see the Yankees all the while. That night we traveled twenty miles. The next day (Sunday) we kept in the woods and swamps, and lived on fox grapes, papaws, and apples. On Monday we were very hungry, and called at a house for something to eat and were given a good meal. The lady was very inquisitive and asked us many questions. We hurried on. That night we called at a house, and Mr. Freeman came out. We told our story of escape and asked for help. He fed us and kept us all night, and next day sent us to Dr. Bean's. At first he was suspicious, but finally took us in, and was very kind. We spent several days with the family, who did much for us. Dr. Dent came and said we had better go to his house, some distance on our way, and they were exceedingly kind to us, giving us food and clothing. For the first time since leaving prison we felt clean and genteel.

Leaving Dr. Dent's hospitable home, we went to Port Tobacco, the county seat of Charles County, stayed all night, and a good many persons called to see us. To reach Virginia we had to cross the Potomac River, which was several miles wide at that point. The cost of ferriage was $20 each, so the money was raised by sympathizing friends. The night we were ferried across the river was very dark, and we passed numerous boats, but no one molested us. We made our way to Richmond and delivered letters and messages from friends. We were well taken care of by some of the officers of the Confederate government. We had a hearing before General Cooper, who gave us permits to return home. Transportation to Staunton was arranged, and there Dunlap and I parted.
KEEPING VIRGINIANS IN VIRGINIA.

The Roanoke (Va.) Times makes pathetic plea in behalf of Virginians remaining on their native soil. It prints a special from Pulaski that forty eight persons were leaving Virginia for the Far West. The Times well says:

They are our stock and kind of brawn and blood and manhood and womanhood. Probably they are drawn away by cheap land. 



The idea of exhausted lands is played out. No land is exhausted. Land in the old countries that has been under cultivation a thousand years yet brings luxuriant crops when properly cultivated. All any land needs is the supply of certain elements which the Agricultural Department at Washington or Richmond will tell about free of charge.

We urge the intelligent and influential people of every county and neighborhood to impress these facts on the people who show a purpose to go West. Keep in mind that, however plain and rough they may seem, they are our people, most of them with some good strain of stock in them which will show itself if they are given a change, which has made the very flower and glory of some parts of the Western country. Certainly they are better for us than any immigrants we possibly can bring in. It is the glory of this country that sometimes the plainest man and woman may be parents of a boy or a girl who will sparkle like a diamond in the population. 

Therefore when you find people from your section talking or thinking of going West, inquire why. Then put it up to your own conscience whether you cannot do something to keep them here in Virginia. Use a few postage stamps and some breath to keep Virginians in Virginia. A grown man is worth to the State $50,000, and a woman twice as much."

TRIBUTE

BY COL. BAXTER SMITH, CHATTANOOGA.

Mrs. Mary Hadley Clare, who died recently, was one of the last of a coterie of young ladies in and about Nashville who were intensely devoted to the Southern cause during the great Civil War. Contemporary with her and others were Miss Mary Paul Johnson, afterwards Mrs. McGuire, who died a few years ago, and Miss Mary Bradford, now the widow of John Johns, who is still happily spared to us.

These ladies were untiring in their efforts to aid the cause of the South while the war lasted, and when it was over ministered in binding up the wounds of the conflict.

I recall a vivid occurrence that illustrates the patriotic devotion of these ladies and what obstacles they surmounted to exhibit it. On July 13, 1862, Forrest made a dash on Murfreesboro, and after an all day fight the Federal garrison, of about two thousand men, capitulated. On that night he withdrew with his prisoners to McMinnville, and on the next day General Nelson, with a Federal force of about ten thousand men, reoccupied Murfreesboro.

Nashville at that time was occupied by a large force under General Negley. Meantime Forrest had whipped around, dashing in to Lebanon in the early morning, capturing the pickets of a cavalry regiment that made good its escape. The same day he moved down on the Nashville pike, threatening the city, stockades, and blockhouses. This was on July 21, 1862, the first anniversary of the battle of Manassas, or Bull Run. Within a short distance from the Hermitage on the road to Nashville we encountered a party of these ladies in carriages on their way to a grove near by to have a picnic in the woods to celebrate the great victory at Manassas. How they got out of Nashville and back safely is still a mystery to me.

Mrs. Clare as the beautiful and attractive Miss Mary Hadley met during the war that gallant and accomplished staff officer, Maj. William Clare, of Huntsville, Ala. (Major Clare first served on the staff of Gen. S. A. M. Wood, of Alabama, then he was with Generals Hardee, Bragg, J. E. Johnston, and Hood. General Wood wrote of him as one "whose gallantry was equal to any danger." Major Clare deserved to command a regiment. In many official reports Major Clare was mentioned with only high praise.)
During the war Major Clare courted Miss Hadley, and they became engaged. When General Hood advanced on Nashville, he established his headquarters at the hospitable home of Col. John Overton, six miles south of the city. Miss Hadley was visiting there at the time, and it was during her stay that she and Major Clare repaired to a little brick church near Brentwood and were married.

General Hood and Major Clare's brother officers of the staff being present, the rattle of musketry and the roar of artillery supplied music as the wedding march.

This was in December, 1864. The army fell back the next day, and they were separated till the close of the war.

Major Clare then settled in Nashville, and took high rank as a lawyer until his death, in the early seventies. Two bright and interesting daughters were born of this union, both of whom after marriage died, leaving young children.

Mrs. Clare from her youth was prominently connected with the First Presbyterian Church, of Nashville. Probably no woman ever reared in Tennessee had a happier girlhood. Joyous in her disposition, the great sorrows that came into her life with such frequency did not break her spirits, and she smiled amid the gloom. From her early childhood, there was a friendship between us which strengthened with the years.
CHAMP W. PATTIE.

Champ Warren Pattie, whose death occurred at Clear Lake, Iowa, on April 13, was a native of Fauquier County, Va., being born near Warrenton in 1838. He was educated by tutors and in private schools until he was eighteen, when he entered a mercantile firm at Moorefield. He there joined a military company known as the "Hardy Blues," which had been organized in 1840, and this company became a part of the 25th Virginia Infantry, under Colonel Pegram, of General Imboden's brigade. Comrade Pattie was wounded in the battle of Kernstown in March, 1862, losing an eye, but he soon rejoined his command and fought through the war. He was in the battle of Gettysburg, and surrendered at Appomattox.

Returning home after the surrender, he engaged in business with his old employers, purchasing a half interest in the business, which had been located in Romney, now W. Va. He was connected with this firm until his removal West in 1875. He located first at Dubuque, Iowa, going a year later to Dyersville, and then to Storm Lake in 1888. About six years ago he went to Clear Lake, where he became prominent and highly esteemed as a citizen.

The Tom Howard Post, G. A. R., attended the funeral services in a body, thus manifesting their esteem for a good soldier and comrade of the opposite side.

He was married in 1869 to Miss Nancy M. Harper, of Romney, and to them were born five children, of whom four survive two sons and two daughters.
MRS. MARTHA M. BOONE.

Mrs. Martha M. Boone was a pioneer of Todd County, Ky., and lived nearly all of her useful life at Elkton. She was born July 26, 1817, and but for an accident in falling two days before last Christmas, in which she fractured a hip and wrist, she had promise of several more years of this life. She was a member of the Baptist Church for seventy seven years. She was a daughter of Benjamin Edwards. Of ten children, nine survive her. The eldest, Mrs. R. B. McReynolds, of Oklahoma, is seventy three years old, and the youngest. Rev. Dr. A. N. Boone, of Memphis is fifty years old. She had seventeen grandchildren and thirteen great grandchildren.

F. P. COGDILL,

F. P. Cogdill, a resident of Lone Wolf, Okla., died at Weatherford, Tex., on March 31, and was taken back to his old home for burial.

Comrade Cogdill was a son of Robert and Malinda Cogdill, born in Buncombe County, N. C., in 1842. He was married to Miss C. J. Cook in 1862, and to this union there were born five boys and five girls, all surviving except one son. The family removed to Granbury, Tex., in 1868, and from that place went to Lone Wolf, Okla., in 1901. He was a Confederate soldier of strong convictions, having enlisted with the 6th North Carolina Regiment in 1861 and served to the surrender. He was a loyal Church member and a Master Mason for many years.

CAPT. C. M. THOMAS.

Capt. C. M. Thomas was born in Richmond County, N. C., October 28, 1828, and died in Noxubee County, Miss., in November, 1910. When about twelve years of age, the family removed to Noxubee County, Miss., where he lived the rest of his life. Though he had but the advantages of a common school education, he was of a naturally bright mind, and becamp well informed on many subjects and was a born leader of men. He served in the legislature for Noxubee County in 1856.
On the outbreak of the war he assisted in raising a company, and was elected first lieutenant. This company was the Jeff Davis Guards, and became Company A of the 19th Mississippi, the first regiment raised in Mississippi for the war. Its colonel was "Kit" Mott, and L. Q. C. Lamar was lieutenant colonel. Captain Macon, of Company A, was killed in the first battle, Williamsburg , and Lieutenant Thomas succeeded to the captaincy, and led his company in the battle of Seven Pines, the Seven Days' fighting about Richmond, and Second Manassas, where he was desperately wounded, and from which wound he never fully recovered. After being incapacitated for infantry duty, he returned home and raised a company of cavalry, and served in the Western Army as captain of that company to the end of the war. He was a gallant officer, and no man gave better service to his country. He was elected sheriff of his county in 1865 and again in 1867, and after retiring from that office he was elected twice to the legislature, being at all times very popular.

Captain Thomas was married in 1864 to Miss Rachel Chamberlain, and of this union there were seven children.

MEMBERS OF FORREST'S CAVALRY.

At a meeting of the survivors of Company B, 7th Regiment Tennessee Cavalry, Forrest's command, now residing in Los Angeles, Cal., worthy tribute was paid, in which they state:

We have learned of the death of our former friends and comrades of said company, R. J. Black, C. C. Poindexter, H. H. Elcan, Will Fred Maclin, and Louis O. Kelley, and wish to bear testimony to their worth and character as gallant soldiers of the Confederate army whose names and deeds should be recorded and preserved. 

We will always cherish their memories, and are proud to record the fact that for nearly half a century since the war closed they were as honorable and loyal citizens as they were good soldiers during the war.

We tender to the families of our deceased comrades our sincere sympathy in their sad bereavement, and assure them of our continued devotion and loyalty. 

Committee: H. H. Sale, A. L. Elcan, and R. P. Archer."

COMMANDER J. F. PETERSON'.

J. F. Peterson was born in Marion, Ala., January 30, 1842, removing from that place when he was about fourteen years old to Union Parish, La. When the war opened, he joined Capt. E. M. Graham's company, which was made Company E of the 12th Louisiana Regiment. Their first fight was at Belmont, Mo., after which came New Madrid, Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, then on to Memphis, Corinth, and down into Mississippi and in the many engagements in that section. They were sent to Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and while covering the retreat from Fort Gibson to Baker's Creek took part in the memorable Champion Hill fight. When the fight opened in front of Rocky Face, above Dalton, they were for about four months not to be out of hearing of guns, and from Resaca until the slaughter at Franklin, Tenn., the 12th Louisiana Regiment took part nobly and well. At Franklin Comrade Peterson went over the Yankee works, was taken prisoner, and next suffered the terrors of Camp Chase. Through all this hard experience he never received a wound.

Returning home, he went to work and made a good citizen. He married Miss Rebecca Hearn, and to them were born two sons and two daughters. Several years after losing his wife, he was married to Mrs. Jennie Shelton, and lived happily with her until his death, on October 14, 1910. He was Commander of the Camp, No. 548, U.C. V., of Homer, La.

HON. JAMES DAVIS HINES.

Hon. James D. Hines died at his home, in Bowling Green, Ky., on June 7, after several months of failing health. He was born in that city on November 11, 1838, the son of Rev. J. D. and Mrs. Elizabeth Davis Hines, and is the last of their family of nine to pass into the better land.

No man ever reared in Bowling Green was more universally popular. His sense of justice and his genial temperament made him a general favorite. He had held many offices of trust in the county, having been Circuit Clerk, Sheriff, Master Commissioner, City Collector, and City Treasurer, holding each office for a number of years. He was a member of Morgan's command during the war, and was adjutant of his (Castleman's) company. He was a brave soldier.

As a citizen his career was no less honorable. He was married in 1866 to Miss Hallie Thomas, and of their family two sons (one of whom is Commander H. K. Hines, of the U. S. Navy) and two daughters survive him.

Comrade Hines was ever loyal to the cause of the South, and the last work he attempted was to furnish a list of the Confederate dead in Fairview Cemetery. His account of escape from the military prison in Chicago makes a thrilling story, and he has written other things on his experiences as a* Confederate soldier. His cousin, Capt. Thomas Henry Hines, made the escape from prison with General Morgan.

Comrade Hines was a member of the Odd Fellows and the Order of Elks. DR.W. M. HANNA.

Dr. William M. Hanna was born September 25, 1837, in Shelby County, Ky., and departed this life in Henderson, Ky., November 28, 1910. His parents were John S. Hanna and Jane (King) Hanna, of Harrodsburg, Ky.
Dr. Hanna graduated with honor at Center College in 1858, and, entering the medical department of the University of Louisville, he received his degree there in 1862. He located in Henderson, Ky.

Soon afterwards he enlisted in the Confederate service, and was with Gen. John H. Morgan in all his raids as assistant surgeon of Colonel Duke's old regiment, commanded by Lieut. Col. John B. Hutcheson, and was with Colonel Hutcheson, at the time he was killed at Woodbury, Tenn.

Dr. Hanna was married in 1865 to Miss Mary Matthews, daughter of Rev. W. C. Matthews, of Shelbyville, Ky., and then returned to Henderson, where he resumed the practice of his profession. He was an eminent physician in his section, and his patients had unlimited confidence in his skill and in his absolute fidelity to the sacred relationship of doctor and patient. He was honest, upright, and for thirty nine years an elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Henderson, a Christian gentleman, and an exemplar of good citizenship,

DEAD OF CAMP A, WHEELER'S CAVALRY, 1910.

Service was held in memoriam to the following members of Atlanta Camp A, Wheeler's Cavalry:

Z. T, Lawrence, Company G, 6th Regiment Georgia Cavalry, Lawrenceville, Ga.

Maj. George C. Ball, 1st Regiment Alabama Cavalry (on General Wheeler's staff), Atlanta, Ga.

S. W. Pettus, Company B, 1st Alabama Regiment Cavalry, Cave Spring, Ga.

J. A. Baxley, Company F, 5th Georgia Regiment Cavalry, Atlanta, Ga.

D. B. Pickert, Company G, 9th Regiment Tennessee Cavalry, Atlanta, Ga.

William A. Overby, Company G, 1st Regiment Georgia Cavalry, Rome, Ga.

J. J. Morrison, colonel 1st Regiment Georgia Cavalry, Eastman, Ga.

Maj. William E. Wailes, Adjutant General Wheeler's Corps, Dalton, Ga.

DEATHS IN WILLIAM WATTS CAMP, ROANOKE, VA., IN 1910

H. J. G. Lockett, Company E, 46th Virginia Infantry.

Dr. George S. Luck, Company Q, Virginia Cavalry.

W. S. Moseley, Hargrove's Battery.

Robert Morris, Company E, 42d Virginia Regiment.

Capt. Tuley J. Mitchell (Past Commander), Company H, l8th Virginia Cavalry.

Capt. E. T. Beall (Past Commander), Company F, 62d Virginia Infantry.

George E. Kemper Bot, Artillery.

(From S. L. Crute, Adjutant Wm. Watts Camp, Roanoke.)

350 Confederate Veteran July 1911

M. B. NEELEY.

M. B. Neeley, a member of Camp McIntosh, of Shark, Ark., died on March 13, 1911. He was born in Maury County, Tenn., in 1836, and enlisted in the Confederate ar.ny from Polk County, Ark., in 1861 as a member of Company I, 4th Arkansas Regiment. He participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Shiloh, Corinth, and others, and from Murfreesboro back to Atlanta, Ga. He was a cripple on furlough at Lauderdale Springs, Miss., when the surrender came. There he met and married Miss Elizabeth Mosley. He went then to Kentucky, near Hickman, and engaged in farming until 1881, when he removed to Arkansas, and that State continued his home till death.

MEMBERS OF DICK DOWLING CAMP, OF HOUSTON, TEX.

The following members of Dick Dowling Camp, U. C. V., of Houston, Tex., passed away between March, 1910, and April, 1911: J. S. Swope, second lieutenant Rip Ford's command , J. J. M. Smith, Company K, 35th Georgia Regiment, William H. Martin, Company B, ,13th Texas Volunteer Infantry, Paul Lesesne, Company K, 40th North Carolina Regiment , J. H. Cox, Company A, 6th Texas Infantry, T. H. White, Company C, 5th Texas Infantry, C. S. Bordenheimer, Company A, 3d Missouri Cavalry, C. H. Schmeltz, Company G, Elmore's Regiment.

D. A. FOWLER.

D. A. Fowler died at his home, in Bexar County, Tex., on March 9, 1911. He is survived by his wife, who was a daughter of the Rev. Early Greathouse, a member of the Alabama Legislature during the Confederate war. He was born in Cherokee County, Ala., and served in the Confederate army as a member of Company C, 23d Mississippi. He was captured at Island No. 10 and sent to prison at Chicago, Ill.

Comrade Fowler removed to Burleson County, Tex., in 1866, and subsequently lived in Bell, Lampasas, and Bexar Counties, in each of which he was well known as an exemplary citizen. He was a farmer.

COL. WILLIAM STEPTOE CHRISTIAN.

Col. William S. Christian, who died on December 10, 1910. at the ripe age of fourscore years, was a remarkable man. His long life was passed in Middlesex County, with which section his family had been identified closely for more than two centuries. He was the son of Dr. Richard Allen Christian, a notable figure of his time, and of Elizabeth Steptoe, who was descended on the maternal side from Christopher Robinson, who had obtained grant from the crown of large landed property in what was then the county of Lancaster, Va., afterwards Middlesex. The homestead tract of that grant is still known as "Hewick." The Robinsons were people of distinction in England and in the Dominion, a brother of Christopher having been Bishop of Bristol and later of London, and one of the family was Speaker of the House of Burgesses in the colonial period. His father's family also produced some men of mark in their successive generations.

Early in life William Christian studied medicine, and his whole life was directed to the relief of suffering humanity. His inclination was military. Some years before the outbreak of the Civil War Dr. Christian organized a troop of volunteer cavalry in his native county, and at the first call of his State their services were promptly tendered, and they were mustered into the Confederate army on July 8, 1861. This troop became a part of the 55th Virginia Infantry. They so served through the war, taking part in most of the campaigns of Lee's army under Hill and Jackson. William Christian soon rose to field rank, and as lieutenant colonel of his regiment was severely wounded at Frazier's Farm on June 30, 1862, and disabled for further service in that campaign. He returned to duty soon after the battle of Fredericksburg, and he was again wounded at Chancellorsville the following spring. In that battle his regiment lost all its field officers and all its captains, being commanded at the close of the battle by a first lieutenant. Colonel Christian was in command at Gettysburg, and participated in the last assault upon Cemetery Hill, but was captured in a minor affair at Falling Waters some days later, with a large part of his command. He was taken to Johnson's Island. During his confinement he rendered efficient service in the hospitals of the prison camp, where his professional skill and experience were much needed. He was exchanged in the spring of 1864, and returned to duty with his regiment, of which he was then continuously in command to the close of the war. He returned home and resumed his practice, in which he had many a close grapple with death no less heroic than when facing the foe in battle. To him, as to his great chief, duty was the sublimest word of the language, and he did it, and to him has come the Master's voice, saying: "Well done, thou good and faithful servant."

CAPT. MORTIMER BATES.

Capt. Mortimer Bates, for several years Commander of D. L. Kenan Camp, U. C. V., of Quincy, Fla., died there on April 30, 1911, at the age of seventy years. Captain Bates was a native of Virginia, but went to Georgia before the war. He was one of the first to respond to the call of the South, enlisting with the Bainbridge Independents, and served the first year in the disastrous West Virginia campaign. He then joined Company G, 1st Georgia Artillery, and served the remainder of the war in Florida. He was promoted to lieutenant for meritorious conduct, and was especially commended for the gallant manner in which he served his guns upon the Yankee gunboat on the St. John's River, the boat being sunk and the crew captured.

Very little has been said in history about the service rendered the Confederacy by the small army of men commanded by the able and gallant Gen. J. J. Dickinson, who, with a few cavalrymen and one or two batteries, kept the middle and northern portion of Florida, also the southern counties of Georgia, free from invasion, thereby enabling that section to raise provisions to supply the army.

After the war Captain Bates removed to Gadsden County, Fla., and married Miss Esther Davis. The sons and daughters of this union are respected for their own worth and esteemed as the offspring of a true and tried Confederate soldier and his worthy helpmeet.

Captain Bates served several terms in the Florida Legislature, and was also a Commissioner of Gadsden County.

LIEUT. JAMES J. LAWRENCE.

James J. Lawrence, a veteran of two wars, died at his home in Springfield, Mo., on March 24, 1911, aged seventy eight years. He was born near Nashville Tenn., in 1833, his parents going there from Norfolk, Va. He grew to manhood in his native State, then went to Texas, where, during the winter of 1856. he enlisted with a company of men to join the forces of Gen. William Walker, who was at that time conducting a filibustering campaign down in Nicaragua. After his experiences as a cavalryman in Central America. Joseph Lawrence returned to Nashville, and in January, 1858, was married to Miss Martha S. Duncan. Of this marriage two daughters survive.
At the outbreak of the War between the States Mr. Lawrence enlisted as a private in the regular service, but was soon promoted to second lieutenant of Company G, 2d Tennessee Cavalry, under Forrest. He participated inmany fierce engagements and had several horses killed under him, but went through the entire war without receiving an injury. His company was disbanded at Oklona, Miss., in May, 1865, and he returned to his native State, locating at Hartsville and engaging in the saddlery business. He was married in 1870 to Miss Mary E. Hager, who, with six children, survives him. In 1880 he removed his family to Missouri, and for the past twentyfour years had been a resident of Springfield. He was a member of Campbell Camp, U. C. V., of Springfield, and his fellowmembers rendered him the last sad services.

For more than forty years Comrade Campbell was a consistent member of the Church, many times serving as an officer in the various congregations to which he belonged. He was a loving, tender, devoted husband and father, and next to the sacredness of home life he valued the great gift of friendship. One who loved him said: "I am glad that I knew him. He has made the world a better place because he lived in it. He was always the gentleman so pure of thought and speech, so courteous and considerate, so modest and dignified and although delicate and frail of body, he was ever optimistic and congenial."

CAPT. AB C. GRIMES.

Capt. Ab C. Grimes, a noted Confederate mail carrier and pioneer river pilot, died at his home, in St. Louis in March, 1911, aged seventy six years. He was a fellow soldier and an intimate friend of Mark Twain, and was one of the most romantic characters in Missouri's history. He had the unique distinction of having been captured by Union soldiers on six occasions, and of having escaped by hazardous means five times. When captured the sixth time, he was put under strong guard in the old Gratiot Street jail, and was sentenced to be hanged, but through the intercession of the late Archbishop Ryan, he escaped the gallows.

Captain Grimes's father was a pilot on one of the first boats that plied the Mississippi, and the son followed his father and gave thirty years to the service, distinguishing himself on many occasions. When the war began, he left the river and joined a company at New London, Mo., under Capt. Theodore Brace. Gen. Sterling Price selected Captain Grimes to act as mail carrier, and he rendered valuable service in smuggling mail between the lines, in which he was assisted by many women who were Southern sympathizers. After the war, he returned to his work on the river. After his retirement, he was manager of a shooting club at King's Lake, in Lincoln County, for some years. His first wife, who was Miss Lucy Glasscock, died in 1903, and in 1905 he was married to Miss Nell Tauke, who, with two of the seven children born of the first marriage, survives him.
WILLIAM HENRY HOLCOMB.

William Henry Holcomb was born February 22, 1842, in Anderson County, S. C.: and died on July 30, 1910, in Atlanta, Ga. He entered the Confederate army in April, 1861, at Pickens C. H.,S. C., as a member of the company known as "Orr's Rifles," serving with fidelity through all the Virginia campaigns. He was promoted to lieutenant, and at Lee's surrender was in command of his company. He removed after the war to Atlanta, where he filled various positions of trust and honor in the city government. He was married in 1869 to Miss Laura J. West, of Atlanta, a sister of Gen. A. J. West, Commander Georgia Division, U. C. V.

Comrade Holcomb was converted to the Christian faith while in the army, and in 1879 his religious zeal was again aroused by the preaching of Rev. Sam Jones, since which time he had been thoroughly interested in the salvation of others, and became the instrument through which many were brought to Christ.
W. A. MCKINNEY.

W. A. McKinney, born in Bowie County, Tex., 1841, was of Revolutionary ancestry, both of his grandfathers having been soldiers of the Revolutionary War and present at the "Boston Tea Party." His parents removed to Grayson County. Tex., in 1846, and he was there on his mother's farm until the beginning of the war. He answered the first call for volunteers in April, 1861, and joined Company D, 6th Texas Cavalry, Ross's Brigade. He was in many battles, and at Corinth in a severe charge he was stunned by a piece of shell. He soon recovered and went on in the charge, when his right foot was completely torn off by a piece of shell. He was also captured there and kept in the Federal hospital till he recovered and was discharged.

After the war he was County Treasurer of Wilbarger County for eleven years. His death occurred on September 8, 1910. He was a member of Cabell Camp, U. C. V., and a consistent Christian.

J. C. McCARTY.

J. C. McCarty was born near Rutledge, Term., Grainger County, August 27, 1832, and died on August 24, 1910, almost rounding out seventy eight years. He enlisted early with the 59th Tennessee Infantry under Capt. W. Smith, of Company J, Col. J. B. Cook commanding the regiment. He was paroled for a month after the siege of Vicksburg, and was then transferred to the Valley of Virginia. He helped to fight Sheridan forty days, waded the Potomac twice, and stayed in the suburbs of Washington for two or three days. He was wounded at Fisher's Hill, September 21, l864 by a bomb shattering his leg from knee to ankle, and was in the hospital for ten months, finally getting home in the summer of 1865, and then went on crutches for four years.

Comrade McCarty was a member of the Church for sixtyone years and a Mason for forty years. At the close of the war he was in dark's company, under Col. W. L. Eakin.
CAPT. J. C. BETHEL.

Capt. Joseph Crenshaw Bethel, a veteran of the Confederate army and a leading citizen of Louisville, Ky., died at his home there April 27, 1911. Ill health compelled his retirement from active business in 1902, but not until recently did his illness assume a serious form. He was for many years at the head of the Carter Dry Goods Company, of Louisville, and a foremost figure in the business.

Captain Bethel was born in Barren County, Ky., near Glasgow, in 1835. He was educated in the country schools, and when but a lad he went with his mother to Missouri, where he began his business career in a dry goods store and received the training which put him at the head of the Louisville firm. He returned to Glasgow just prior to the war, and with Capt. Joseph Nuckols he organized a company at his home town. He entered the Confederate army as second lieutenant of Company A, 4th Kentucky Regiment, a part of the famous Orphan Brigade. He was made first lieutenant in April, 1862, and upon the death of Captain Nuckols, a short time later, he was made captain of the company.

At the close of the war Captain Bethel returned to Glasgow, and soon afterwards he reengaged in the dry goods business at Louisville. In this interest he traveled for a number of years. He was instrumental in forming the Carter Dry Goods Company, finally becoming its president, which position he held until his retirement from active business.

Captain Bethel was married to Miss Pettie Scott, of Versailles, in 1876. She, with a son, Peyton B. Bethel, survices him. He was a devoted Church member, a Mason and Knight Templar of De Molay Commandery. He was a man of strong personality, retiring in disposition, but gentle and sympathetic in every way a Christian gentleman.
DR. B. F. BRITTAIN.

Dr. B. F. Brittain, one of the best known physicians and citizens of his section, died at his home, in Arlington, Tex., on November 14, 1910. He had been an invalid from paralysis for some two years, though able to get about at times. It is said of him that he was a doctor and man as portrayed in the masterly picture of "The Old Doctor" by Ian Maclaren a man who "helped folks."

Dr. Brittain was born in Charleston, Tenn., in 1833, and was among the first to enlist in the War between the States. He was made captain of his company in the 35th Tennessee Regiment, and served faithfully to the end. He was married in 1856 to Miss Elizabeth Caroline Runyan, in Georgetown, Tenn., with whom he lived happily for fifty four years, and who survives him. To them were born eleven children, of whom seven survive. Dr. Brittain removed with his family to Texas in 1865, locating at Jacksonville, where he practiced for thirty years, then going to Arlington, which had since been his home. He was made a Master Mason in 1865, and his life exemplified the teachings of this great order. He was a faithful Church member for more than fifty years.

Thinner and thinner the long line grows 

PAUL CUNNINGHAM AFTER A DECADE.

BY ANNE BACHMAN HYDE, LITTLE ROCK.

The summer of 1901 my husband and I, with our little boy, were visiting in Hawaii and spent a month on Kauai, the lovely garden island of the group. The surroundings, though more beautiful, reminded us much of our beloved Southland.

The hospitable home where we were entertained kept up a perpetual house party, the guests staying in cottages in the grounds and meeting at the plantation house for meals. We frequently had seven nationalities represented at the table, and found much of mutual interest.

The latter part of July, when the mail came over from Honolulu, among the papers was one giving an account of the tragic and untimely death of Paul Cunningham in the rapids of the Rio Grande July 13, 1901. I so delayed in reading that dinner was half finished when I reached the dining room.

Apologizing for my tardy appearance, I narrated in a few words the life history of the bright boy, that I had known him as a child in Chattanooga, that he was the only child of his father, and spoke of his brilliant prospects, and the pity of the sudden ending in the treacherous river the "Rio Bravo," as the Mexicans say when it is on one of its rampages.

A young Englishman who sat opposite us seemed visibly affected, but we thought it only a touch of youthful sympathy. When I finished speaking, he looked up and said, with his eyes filled with tears and his voice broken with emotion: "That brave Paul Cunningham was my friend. We were engaged in engineering together on the Rio Grande last summer when I was in the States, and I loved him."

We finished the meal almost in silence, and as we walked slowly down the palm bordered avenue to our cottage, and heard the restless waves dashing against the rock bound coast, I knew what Mrs. Browning meant when writing to comfort a friend who had lost an only child, and at the conclusion she said:

My arm is around my own little son, 
And love knows the secret of grief.

(The foregoing is given in the belief that many friends who know of the splendid career of young Cunningham will be interested in a tribute a decade after his death. So this page is made personal in a sense by brief tributes to him, to his mother, and to Mrs. Sarah Herron, of Montgomery, Ala. The pictures of these two women were snatched from a burning building some years ago. They were devoted friends.

Laura Davis Cunningham was born February 24, 1848, married November 27, 1866, and fell asleep October 8, 1879. She was an ideal daughter, wife, mother, and friend. As friend she was loyal, patient, joyous, grave. "Paul's Diary," written by his mother when he was a lad of eight years, and which he carried through all his travels, contains the spirit of the South. It is filled with simple incidents of pure home life, the boy being credited with good lessons and conduct and tenderly admonished against misdemeanors.

Mamma wants Paul, should he live to be older, to overlook these leaves with charity and love, to remember the sacredness of a promise, to be punctual in all things, and never to leave an unfinished job if possible to avoid it, to strive to do all the good in his power in a quiet way, dispensing sunshine in shadowy places, and trusting always in God.
On July 4, 1877, she wrote: "Gradually quiet reigned, and the tired thousands sought their beds to dream, perchance, of spilling blood for their country, whose natal day they had just celebrated. May we be a free people and have a just ruler to join the Southern and Northern heart in sacred reverence for a government based on the will of the people!" In another sense she wrote:

Indian summer season has begun. The weather is redolent with life and with inspiration. From out this dying a beautiful spring will come, bringing, as now, a harvest to the weary laborer. May God tend that other spring and summer, so that the things sown in our weariness may bring a hundredfold.

Bright day, and the last of 1877. May the Lord make the bad a final good and help us to do better for him and ourselves another year! The year is nearly gone. God keep the woof we've woven, and bless us all

To morrow, though, like all new years, made to grow old, should cause us to enter with new resolves and firm ones to do all we can in every department in which we have to act.

To those who were not subscribers in July, 1901, a brief account will explain that this son, the son of the Editor, was an unusual character. Paul Cunningham became a civil engineer without graduating in college. He soon became so proficient that promotions followed, until he was made chief engineer in charge of the great sanitary revolution in Havana, with several thousand men under him, whereby America as well as Cuba was freed from yellow fever. He was next commissioned for river and harbor work. Following this he was appointed consulting engineer for the International (Water) Boundary between the United States and Mexico, and while in charge of an expedition for both governments to extend the length of the Rio Grande boundary he was drowned.

Memorial volumes are being written, and the good accomplished is often well worthy the sacrifice of the delicacy and sacredness required. Such a volume, with extracts from more than a thousand letters, is considered.

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Margie Daniels , Millie Stewart  and   Davine Cambpell  County Managers

Last date updated 04/10/2006

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