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CHAPTER VIII
DIARY OF REV. JOHN MARRETT. -- DESCRIPTION OF CAMP BY REV. WILLIAM EMERSON. -- ORIGIN OF CONTINENTAL ARMY. -- JOURNAL OF JABEZ FITCH
THROUGH the courtesy of Samuel Sewall, Esq., the present owner of the Precinct parsonage, the following extracts are made from the interleaved almanacs of his grandfather, Rev. John Marrett.
Some notes are quoted that do not tend to show the movements of the patriots altogether, but give light on the customs of the time.
January 13, 1775. Moved to Woburn. Board at Madam Jones' for 40 s. per week, and keep my horse myself.
February 8. Rode to Lexington. Lodged at my brother's last night, attended lecture at Lexington; a lecture on the times. I began with prayer. Mr. Cushing preached from Psalm 22: "He is the Governor among the Nations." Mr. Clark concluded with prayer.
March 6. Prayed at March meeting. Rode to Lexington.
March 7. Lodged last night at Brother's. Spent day at Lexington. Attended training there. At night rode home,
March 21. Training. Viewed arms.
March 27. Bottled cider; 11 dozen and one bottle.
April 4. (Tuesday.) Rode to Wilmington and Reading. P.M. Heard Mr. Stone (of Reading) preach a sermon to
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the minute-men. Returned to Wilmington; lodged at Mr. Morrill's, (the minister).
April 8. People moving out of Boston on account of the troops.
April 9. (Sunday.) Mr. Marston came up from Boston to get a place here for his wife and children.
April 19. Fair, windy & cold. A Distressing day. About 800 Regulars marched from Boston to Concord. As they went up, they killed 8 men at Lexington meeting-house; they huzza'd and then fired, as our men had turned their backs (who in number were about one hundred); and then they proceeded to Concord. The adjacent country was alarmed the latter part of the night preceding.
The action at Lexington was just before sunrise [showing that the paster kept an eye on all military preparations]. Our men pursued them to and from Concord on their retreat back; and several killed on both sides, but much the least on our side, as we pickt them off on their retreat. The regulars were reinforced at Lexington to aid their retreat by 800 with two field pieces. They burnt 3 houses in Lexington, and one barn, and did other mischief to buildings. They were pursued to Charlestown, where they entrenched on a hill just over the Neck. Thus commences an important period.
April 20. Rode to Lexington and saw the mischief the Regulars did, and returned home.
April 21. Rode to Concord. The country coming in fast to our help.
April 22. All quiet here. Our forces gathered at Cambridge and towns about Boston. The Regulars removed from Charlestown to Boston day before yesterday.
April 23. (Sunday.) Preached at home. Soldiers traveling down and returning; brought their arms with them to meeting, with warlike accoutrements. A dark day. In the afternoon service, just as service was ended, Doctor Blodget came in for the people to go with their teams to bring
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provisions from Marblehead out of the way of the Men of war. Considerable number at meeting.
April 24. Packing up my most valuable effects to be ready to move on any sudden occasion.
April 25. Rode to Cambridge. Our forces very numerous there. Lodged at Richard Clark's, Watertown.
April 26. Returned home via Lexington. Many houses on the road pillaged by the Regulars between Lexington and Charlestown.
April 27. Josiah Quincy arrived this week from England and died at Cape Ann.
May 11. Fast day. Preached at Reading in exchange for Mr. Haven. Rode to Medford.
May 12. Lodged last night at Captain Brooks, Medford. Rode through Cambridge to Dorchester. Surveyed the situation of our forces.
May 17. Saw about 9 o'clock P.M. a great fire towards Boston. Went up a hill and saw the blaze. Just before the fire heard a great noise,
May 18. The fire last night was in Boston. Burnt a number of stores. It began in one of the barracks.
May 23. Last Sabbath our people destroyed a quantity of hay at Weymouth which the Regulars attempted to get to Boston. Some firing on both sides, but have not heard that any were killed.
May 27. (Sunday.) All day and in the night heard the cannon at Boston. A skirmish, I suppose, between the troops under General Gage and our forces. Heard the cannon in time of service A.M., and hear our forces have burnt a tender to a man of war, this morning, at the mouth of the Mistick River, and that they from yesterday, P.M. to to-day, were firing at each other.
May 31. Rode to Watertown. Dr. Langdon preached to the Congress from Is. 1: 28, (and the destruction of the transgressors and of the sinners shall be together, and they that forsake the Lord shall be consumed).
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June 1. Rode to Watertown. Heard Mr. Stevens preach Convention sermon. Rode to Cambridge and home.
June 10. Mr. Marston and wife and children moved from Boston here.
June 16. Mr. Marston, of Boston, arrived here. He escaped in a fishing boat.
June 17. fair and very warm and Dry, at home.
June 18. S [Sunday] fair and very warm at noon a little Sprinkl'g of rain and P.M. Sun clouded, preached at home very thin meet'g ye men gone down to ye army on ye alarm yesterday, last night 3000 of our army went to Charlestown and entrenched on a Hill. But before yy had prepared yir cann ye Shipp'g and ye regulars by land attacked yur and after much fight'g we were obliged to quite ye Entrenchment and ye town, many killed and wounded, on both sides, ye Shipp'g annoied us much; the town laid in Ashes; ye adjacent Country gone down. Abt 1000 of ye regulars killed and wounded not more yan 200 killed of ours, abt 50 of our men killed and 29 taken prisoners and 70 or 80 wounded, a 1000 of our Enemies killed and wounded among wch are many officers 84.
June 20. Rode to Watertown and Cambridge and viewed the intrenchments of our army between Cambridge and Charlestown and returned home.
June 24. P.M. Just heard that our army had entrenched last night nearer the enemy on Bunker's Hill, and that the enemy this morning appeared with their horse in battle array and in readiness at the bottom of the hill by Charlestown Neck to drive our forces away; but after a while they withdrew. The heavy cannon are now playing, the firing is smart and very plainly heard.
July 1. Heard the firing of some cannon which were at Roxbury neck.
July 2. (Sunday.) A great deal of firing below. It began about daybreak and continued till 7 o'clock. Heard it was at Roxbury neck.
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July 13. Last night lodged at Watertown, and rode to Roxbury, Cambridge, and to Prospect and Winter Hills, viewed the forts and entrenchments, well executed and strong. Prayed in evening with Colonel Gerrish's regiment and returned home.
July 20. A general fast appointed through British America by the Continental Congress at Philadelphia.
July 22. At Cambridge. At evening prayed in the army. Attended the funeral of Jesse Wyman aged 21, living in the old parish, mortally wounded in the battle of Charlestown.
July 23. Sunday. Last night lodged at Mr. Tappan's. A.M. Preached in the army. P.M. Some rain which prevented preaching.
July 26. Attended the funeral of George Reed, jun., who died of a fever, which was occasioned by a surfeit of heat he got in Charlestown fight the 17th inst.
August 4. Rode to Bedford and returned. On return called and prayed with Bacon's family, very sick, and also visited and prayed with Capt. Walker's son.
August 28. Master Hutchinson of Boston lodged here. To-day I rode to Lexington, dined at brother's and returned.
September 12. Rode to Cambridge, and viewed the camps and forts, and returned at night. Boston is hedged in on every side but the water.
September 24. (Sunday.) Put on coarse, linen shirt.
October 2. Visited the sick and catechised the children present, 24.
October 18. Messrs. Wigglesworth and Gannett dined here.
October 22. Attended the funeral of Capt. Marstons's child.[1]
[1] Belonged to a Boston family, probably related to Mrs. Jones. They had sought refuge in Burlington during the siege. A little gravestone in old burial-ground says, "While British forces held his native town."
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October 24. Rode from Watertown to Cambridge, viewed the camps and returned home.
November 1. Rode to Concord. Attended the Dudleian Lecture. Dr. Langdon (President of Harvard College) preached from Micah 4: 5. Subject natural religion.[1]
November 9. Cannon fired much from 12 to 3 o'clock; about 400 or 500 Regulars landed on Lechmere's Point and carried off 1 cow. They were soon drove off by a party of our soldiers. We lost 1 man killed, and 1 mortally wounded. What they lost, cannot tell.
November 21. President Langdon came here.
November 30. Attended three funerals in my Parish, viz., Widow Speer; a child of Abraham Alexander's; and a child of Mr. Peters's of Wilmington, which died here; and married a couple.
December 5. Rode to Cambridge and back. Hear Quebec is taken by the Provincials.
December 17. (Sunday). Heard several cannon fired. Our people a raising a covert way from Prospect to Cobble Hill, and the enemy endeavoring to prevent them.
December 18. The firing yesterday was at Lechmere's Point, our people entrenching there. A ship that had lain up the River all summer moved off this morning.
December 20. Fair, and the coldest day this season. At home. Heard several cannon fired.
December 23, P.M. Attended the funeral of Mr. Gardner, leather dresser, formerly of Charlestown; he died in the other parish.
December 27. Attended the funeral of Madam Temple, late of Charlestown, who died at Captain Johnson's; and
[1] The American army occupied for barracks the buildings of Harvard College at Cambridge, and the institution removed to Concord, remaining there nearly a year. It held its exercises in the Court-House, its students and professors living in various families of the town. The Commencement exercises of 1776 were held in the old meeting-house of Concord.
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married Josiah Locke to Elizabeth Richardson, both of Woburn Old Parish.[1]
December 29. Rode to Cambridge and returned, and lodged at Jonathan Carter's. Last night our forces arranged to attack Bunker Hill over the ice on the mill pond, but the ice was not strong enough, and therefore they desisted.
December 30. Many cannon fired. Returned home A.M.
January 10, 1776. Called about break of day to visit Capt. Wood's wife, being sick.
January 18. Cannon fired much. Heard our army is defeated at Quebec.
January 22. Evening. Singing meeting here.
January 23. Rode to Cambridge, and viewed the lines, and returned home. Deacon Johnson and wife went with me.
January 31. Eight men enlisted out of this parish for two months.
February 2. Heard several cannon.
February 12. Heard many cannon. Supposed to be below Boston at sea.
February 14. Last night the enemy burned some houses and barns on Dorchester neck.
February 28. Mr. Stone, of Reading, and Mr. Jacob Gould, of Weymouth, dined with me. Sent my watch by Mr. Gould to Braintree, to Mr. Cranch's to be mended.
March 3. (Sunday P.M.) Master Coggin preached from 2 Cor 5:10. People in great anxiety about some important transactions speedily to take place between our army and the enemy's forces.
March 4. Last night, from eight in the evening till the morning, the cannon and mortars between our army and the enemy fired more or less; and to-day were firing more or less, till between 12 o'clock and one, a general battle or a
[1] These deaths of Charlestown people suggest how they were scattered about, after the burning of the town by the British.
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very smart skirmish, ensued, as I judge, from the report of small arms and cannon. The Regulars had a mock fight in Boston. Visited Lieut. Tidd's sick children. My people collecting rags, etc., for the use of the army.
March 5. Last night the mortars and cannon played very fast most all night from both sides, and our army entrenched on Dorchester Hill without any molestation. Rode to Cambridge.
March 6. Lodged at Cambridge. Returned home.
March 10. (Sunday.) Last night our forces intrenched on another hill on Dorchester Point, nearer to Boston; a smart firing ensued on both sides. We lost about 12 men. At first we were drove off, but by a reinforcement carried on and completed the work. [Not true.]
March 11. Visited Mr. Spear, being sick, and prayed at parish meeting. Hear the small-pox is at Welch's.
March 18. Yesterday morning, about break of day, the British troops evacuated Bunker Hill and Boston, and all shipping moved off and lay windbound below the Castle, whither bound, know not, -- but it is conjectured to Halifax to wait on orders from Great Britain. Our forces have taken possession of all the places they have left. The Lord be praised! Last night we intrenched on Dorchester Point.
March 19. Dined at Timothy Winn's. P.M. Rode to Old Parish and attended Mr. Pool's funeral. Mr. Morrill and I prayed with the sick woman, Mrs. Pool. Hear that below the Castle the ships are arrived to the fleet of the enemy which lies below.
March 20. Rode to Charlestown Ferry, and viewed Bunker Hill, the works of the enemy, and the ruins of the town. The fleet lays below the Castle. Returned home via Cambridge.
March 21. A great fire last evening at the Castle, the enemy demolishing it. Rode to Old Parish to see Mrs. Pool, sick.
April 2. Attended funeral of Nathaniel Wyman.
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April 5. Attended funeral of Daniel Simonds and his wife, two aged persons in Lexington.
April 19. Rode to Lexington; dined at Brother's. P.M. Attended a lecture in commemoration of Lexington Battle. Mr. Clark performed the whole exercise; preached from Joel, 3d chapter, the last verses; a very crowded audience; the militia companies in Lexington mustered. Returned home.
April 23. Rode to Boston and returned home. First time I have been to Boston since the enemy evacuated it.
May 3. Mr. Thurston, a preacher in the other Parish, visited me.
May 5. (Sunday.) Rode to Concord and preached on an exchange with Mr. Emerson.
May 6. Lodged last night at Doctor Minot's.
May 16. Attended the funeral of George Reed's negro woman.
May 17. A Continental Fast; preached at home, a full meeting.
May 20. Hear a large brig loaded with warlike stores was taken by us from the enemy, as she was coming into Boston Harbor.
June 1. Hear our forces at Quebec have been driven from their intrenchments, and renewed the attack afterwards, being reinforced, and recovered their lost ground.
June 3. Went to the Castle with Woburn militia to intrench.
June 4. Lodged last night at Roxbury. This morning sailed from Boston to the Castle; intrenched all day. P.M. Returned home with the militia.
June 15. Night before last, 5,000 of our people went down and intrencled on an island and another place in Boston Harbor, and yesterday morning drove all the enemy's ships down below the lighthouse. A 50-gun ship was obliged to cut her cable, and be towed down by boats, etc.
June 17. Visited Amos Wyman, being sick. (The husband of her who entertained 'Hancock and Adams.)
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June 18. Attended training.[1]
June 25. Exceeding hot; the hottest -- very dry and melancholy time.
June 29. Exceeding hot and scorching, and burning sun. The land mourning by reason of the dearth.
July 2, 1776. Independency.
July 3. Lecture on account of the drought and war; Mr. Penniman (of Bedford) preached from Psalm 39:9.
July 4. Attend Lecture at Bedford; Mr. Emerson (of Concord) prayed and preached. I made last prayer.
July 6. Small-pox in Boston, inoculating there. Ten men, of the fifteen, enlisted out of this parish for the expedition to Canada; 5,000 to be raised from this province for New York and Canada.
July 14. (Sunday.) Preached at Bedford. Mr. Sprague preached for me, and Mr. Penniman for him, at Carlisle. Five o'clock P.M. Preached at lecture, at home, to a party of soldiers going on the Canada expedition.
July 15. Visited Amos Wyman, sick in deep consumption.
July 18. P.m. Rode to Lexington and back; my brother and two of his sons and eighteen others inoculated last week in his own house for the small-pox.
July 24. Hear the enemy's ships are destroyed by a tempest at South Carolina; two 40-gun ships, one 50-gun ship, and a tender and a transport lost; and all the men perished.
July 25. Woburn company of soldiers for the Canada expedition marched for Crown Point. Prayed with them at Deacon Blanchard's.
[1] The acquaintance of the president of Harvard College with the Precinct clergyman doubtless accounts for the removal of college property to his parish, as an old paper bears evidence. Deacon Joseph Johnson was intrusted with two hogsheads of books, one large box containing glass, two boxes containing a pair of globes, one large pack of carpets.
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July 29. Visited young Mr. Nevers and Mr. Amos Wyman, being sick.
August 1. Provincial Fast. Exchanged with Mr. Morrill.
August 23. The enemy landed on Long Island, New York.
August 24 and 25. Fight at New York, Long Island.
September 7. Hear our forces are beat off from Long Island, at New York, and that four boats full of men in coming away were taken prisoners.
September 15. (Sunday). Read the Declaration for Independency.
September 25. Attended Dudleian Lecture at Cambridge. Mr. Morrill, of Wilmington, preached. Subject, Revealed religion, from 1 Peter 3:15. (Harvard College back in its old quarters.)
October 6. (Sunday.) Uncle Dunster and his wife kept Sabbath here.
October 13. (Sunday.) Preached at Old Parish on exchange with Mr. Jones. Mr. Emerson, of Concord, died at Otter Creek.
October 26. Rode to Stow.
October 27. (Sunday.) Preached at Stow on an exchange.
October 28. Rode to Lancaster and returned to Stow; lodged at Deacon Gates'.
October 29. Returned home. Heard (that) Mr. Emerson, of Concord, died at Otter Creek (the) 13th inst.
November 16. Fort Washington taken.
November 21. Lodged last night at College. Rode to Boston and returned home.
December 9. Hear a fleet of the enemy's ships are seen off Rhode Island.
December 12. Thanksgiving. First snow, 2 inches.
December 13. Dined at Samuel Reed's Jr.'s; General Lee taken prisoner by treachery.
December 18. General Howe marching towards Philadelphia. General Washington before, and General Lee behind.
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The condition of the patriots' camp at Cambridge, visited by Rev. John Marrett, is best described by the Concord minister, Rev. William Emerson, in a letter written by him when serving as a chaplain. It was a few days after the arrival of Washington as commander-in-chief.
"New lords, new laws. The generals, Washington and Lee, are upon the lines every day. New orders from his excellency are read to the respective regiments every morning after prayers. The strictest government is taking place, and great distinction is made between officers and soldiers. Every one is made to know his place, and keep in it, or to be tied up and receive thirty or forty lashes, according to his crime. Thousands are at work every day from four till eleven o'clock in the morning. It is surprising how much work has been done. The lines are extended almost from Cambridge to the Mystic River; so that very soon it will be morally impossible for the enemy to get between the works except in one place, which is supposed to be left purposely unfortified, to entice the enemy out of their fortress. Who would have thought, twelve months past, that all Cambridge and Charlestown would be covered over with American camps, and cut up into forts and intrenchments; and all the lands, fields, and orchards laid common; horses and cattle feeding in the choicest mowing land; whole fields of corn eaten down to the ground; and large parks of well-regulated locusts cut down for firewood and other public uses? This, I must say, looks a little melancholy. My quarters are at the foot of the famous Prospect Hill, where such preparations are made for the reception of the enemy. It is very diverting to walk among the camps, they are as different in their forms as the owners are in their dress, and every tent is a portraiture of the temper and taste of the persons who encamp in it. Some are made of boards, and some of sail-
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cloth; some partly of one and partly of the other; again, others are made of stone or turf, brick or brush. Some are thrown up in a hurry; others are curiously wrought with doors and windows, done with wreaths and withes, in the manner of a basket. Some are your proper tents and marquees, looking like the regular camp of the enemy. In these are the Rhode Islanders, who are furnished with tent equipage and everything in the most exact English style. However, I think this great variety rather a beauty than a blemish in the army."
Fearing that some of my readers may be doubtful in regard to the correct distinction between the Provincial troops and the Continental army, and in regard to the time when the former were merged into the latter, I insert the following general order issued on the 4th of July, 1775, the day after Washington took command of the army.
"The Continental Congress having now taken all the troops of the several colonies, which have been raised, or which may be hereafter raised for the support and defence of the liberties of America, into their pay and service, they are now the troops of the United Provinces of North America; and it is hoped that all distinction of colonies will be laid aside, so that one and the same spirit may animate the whole, and the only contest be, who shall render, on this great and trying occasion, the most essential service to the great and common cause in which we are all engaged. It is required and expected that exact discipline be observed, and due subordination prevail through the whole army, as a failure in these most essential points must necessarily produce extreme hazard, disorder, and confusion, and end in shameful disappointment and disgrace.
"The general most earnestly requires and expects a due
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observance of those articles of war, established for the government of the army, which forbid profane cursing, swearing, and drunkenness; and in like manner, he requires and expects of all officers and soldiers, not engaged on actual duty, a punctual attendance on divine service, to implore the blessings of Heaven upon the means used for our safety and defence."
A vivid picture of the movements of the patriots, while encamped at Cambridge and Roxbury, is seen in a journal from Aug. 5 to Dec. 13, 1775.
It was kept by Jabez Fitch, Jun., of Norwich, of the Eighth Company (Captain Joseph Jewett's), in the Eighth Connecticut Regiment (Colonel Jedidiah Huntington's), at the siege of Boston. He first describes the journey to join the Provincial army.
Saturday, Augt. 5, 1775. Came from (home) a little after sunrise. Joined the company at Tyler's in Preston, from whence we marched; about 8 o'clock made a little halt at Deacn. Belcher's where we were handsomely treated, and after resting a little we march'd, and at the same time Mr. Edwards and my boys went back.
7th. After breakfast we march'd into town (Providence) where we made a small halt, got shav'd, and did some other errands, and march'd forward to Attleborough, where we now are at Dagget's, the tavern (they say he's a Tory), but, however, we have got a dinner a-cooking, and intend to eat it. I was afterwards disappointed, there not being enough for the whole. . . . Parson's reg't overtook us, and after drinking some punch we march'd on, and at about sunset arriv'd at Man's in Wrentham, where we met with much
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difficulty to procure a supper, after which I went to bed with my son, and slept very well.
August 8th, 1775. In the morning we ate breakfast at Man's, after which we march'd forward to Head's in Walpole, where we drank some punch and marched forward to Cheney's in Walpole, where our men are now cooking a dinner. . . . After dinner we marched forward to Gay's where we made a little stop and Capt. Wheat overtook us from Norwich; then we marched on so far as Ames' in Dedham, where we lodged in a very good bed and paid well for it.
9th. In the morning I walked down to the burying place below the meeting-house. I also see about 300 riflemen pass by Ames' -- we also went by them at Whiting's, and marched into Roxbury before them. We arrived at the sign of the sun about 11 o'clock, where the company staid till next day.
This night was the first of Cordilla and I lodging like soldiers, we having hitherto on our march lodged in good beds, tho' it cost us dear, but now we are come where money will not readily command all the conveniences of life. Yet through the clemency of a Divine Providence every one in health may be in some measure comfortable.
The l0th. Sometime before noon we marched on to the ground assigned us for incampment. Capt. Riley's Company was the only one incamped before us. The rest of this day taken up in pitching our tents, etc. The night following was very stormy; it thundered, lightened and rained all night, and was very tedious for the first of the campaign.
The 11th. In the morning Lt. Jona. Brewster and Jo. Williams came to our tent. I was with 'em over to Parsons' reg't, where we lit of Capt. Wheat, and went up to the meeting-house and see the guard relieved, then went with them, Sergt. Haskel and Corpl. Brewster, down to Dorchester, and after obtaining liberty of Col. Fellows went over on to the Neck and down on to the Lower Point near Castle Wm. While on Dorchester Neck we had a very fine prospect of
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the town of Boston and also of the ships in the harbor, which make an appearance like a dry cedar swamp.
The 12th. In the morning I went down to see the guards relieved, and then went out on the left hand of the neck down on to the marsh where I had a fine prospect of the Common in Boston, where the regulars are incamped. About one o'clock Asa Chapman came here for some things I bro't him from his grandfather. Cordilla and I went with him up to Brookline Fort and on our way lit of one Lt. Sprague of the Rhode Islanders with whom we crossed the ferry and went up to Prospect Hill. . . . Cordilla and I then came back to Cambridge, went into one of the colleges up to the 3d loft, and after viewing that a little came down street a little where we see the greatest curiosity of the whole day (viz.) an old gent with a very gray beard 14 inches long handsomely comb'd down under his chin. . . . After crossing the ferry came home to our camp where we arrived about daylight in. The old Tory dog had got away the door I stole to lodge on.
14. At prayer time in the morning the regulars in Boston and also the ships in the harbor began a mighty firing which lasted most of the forenoon.
16th. After breakfast I took a walk up to Brookline cedar swamp, where I found me a very pretty cedar staff. I came back through an orchard back of Genl. Ward's quarters, where the inhabitants were gathering pears, and while I was talking with the people the regulars fired two shot on our new intrenchment, on which I hurried a little toward home, but the fire not continuing I made a little stop at an intrenchment just above a grist mill. I then went up toward the Grand Parade, where I lit of Rant Rose, and went with him to see the Indians shoot arrows at coppers.
The 18th. In the morning early I went up to Governor Bernard's house with Corp. Spears and Cordilla to get some timber for repairing our tent, and it was with some difficulty that I obtained it.
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Sunday, Augt. 20, 1775. . .. I went up to the old meeting-house, where I wrote several of the foregoing pages, and am now writing on the breast of the front gallery, which is a very convenient place for writing. It is a very large house with a high steeple. It stands on an eminence in fair view of the regulars' lines, and has had many balls thrown at it. The bell is taken down, the windows all taken out and boarded up except the pulpit window, the pews all torn down, and great destruction made inside of the house.
Beneath Old Roof Trees
Created January, 2004
Copyright 2004
Retyped and reformatted by Kathy Leigh