Mentha canadensis L. (American wild mint), PEZHE-NUBTHO^N.
      Perennial by suckers; leaves varying, ovateoblong to lanceolate, tapering at both ends. Very fragrant.

38. SOLANACEAE Pers. Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh.
   Herb about 2 dm. high; viscid-pubescent, low branching. Leaves oblong, or uppermost lanceolate; lower ovata-lanceolate; both ends acute. Calyx teeth much shorter than the tube, about equalling the 4- celled capsule. Tube of corolla about 2 cm. long; 5-lobed limb 3-5 cm. in diameter. Cultivated by Indians from the Missouri river to Oregon; their most prized tobacco. Perhaps derived from N. bigelovii Watson.

39. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. Galium triflorum Michx. (Fragrant bedstraw), WAU-PEZHE or WAU-INU-MA^NKA^N.
   Perennial, procumbent, shining, delicately fragrant in drying; leaves in 6's. In deep woods.

40. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. (Coral berry).
   Shrub 6-15 dm. high. Leaves oval, entire, glabrous above or nearly so, soft-pubescent, whitish below. Corolla pinkish, berry purplish-red, ovoid, globose.

41. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Micrampelis lobata Michx.) Greene.
   Stem nearly glabrous, angular and grooved, climbing on bushes to height of 4-7 m.; leaves thin, sharply and deeply 3-7 lobed; copious and pretty white flowers, fruit ovoid, greenish-white, spiny, dry and bladdery after opening.

42. COMPOSITAE Adans.
   Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill (Button snake-root, Blazing star), MA^NKA^N-SAGI, "the hard medicine."
      Stout stem 3-18 dm. high; lanceolate leaves, or

lower spatulate oblong very numerous scales of the involuere, with rounded tips, often purple on the.. margins. Flowers bluish-purple.

   L. spicata (L.) Kuntze (Dense button snake-root. Blazing star), TDE-SINDE, "buffalo tail."
      In low grounds, 6-18 dm. high, dense spike, 1-4 dm. long. Flowers blue-purple.

   Solidago (Golden rod), ZHA-SAGI-ZI, "hard yellow weed."
      Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at base, mostly simple stems, alternate simple, toothed or entire leaves; small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers in panicles, thyrsi, or capitate clusters. Bracts of involucre imbricated in several series, outer successively shorter.
      Numerous species of Solidago are found in Nebraska, including S. arguta Ait., S. canadensis L., S. missouriensis Nutt., S. mollis Bartl., S. nemoralis Ait., S. rigida L., S. rupestris Raf., and S. serotina Ait., the latter being the state flower.

   Silphium perfoliatum L. (Cup plant), ZHABAHÓHO-HI.
      Stem square, glabrous, branched above or simple, 1-2.4 m. high, around which ovate, coarsely toothed leaves are connate into cup holding rainwater. Moist soil.

   S. laciniatum L. (Compass plant), (Pilot weed), ZHA-PA.
      Rough, very resinous 2-5 m. high, basal leaves pinnatafid; stem leaves alternate, vertical, edges tending to north and south.

   Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke), PA^NHE.
      Perennial by fleshy, thickened, root-stocks, ending in ovate, edible, tubers. Stems branched above, 2- 3.5 m. high; leaves ovate, acuminate, upper alternate, lower opposite.

   Artimisia gnaphaloides Nutt. (Prairie mugwort) PEZHE-HOTE.
      Perennial; stem white-tementose, much branched, 3-12 dm. high; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate. Dry prairies. ----------

    Of fungi they had found the useful qualities of the meadow mushroom and the several species of mushrooms which are found growing on decaying wood in the woodland along the Missouri river. Ustilago maydis was used for food while still firm, before maturity.

----------

PLANTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO USES AMONG THE OMAHA

I.
DOMESTIC USES

1. IMPLEMENTS
   For War, Hunting and Fishing
      Arrow shafts: Cornus asperifolia, MA^NSA-HTE-HI.
      Bows, Fraxinus viridis, TASHINANGA-HI; Toxylon pomiferum, ZH0^N-Z1 ZHU.
      Fishweirs, Salix spp.
   For Household Employments
      Matting: Scirpus lacustris, SA-HI.
   Basketry: Salix fluviatilis, S. luteosericea, THIHE-SAGE-HI.
   Mortars for corn: Ulmus americana, EZHO^N-SKA-HI; Quercus spp., TASHKA-HI.
   Pipestems: Fraxinus viridis, TASHINANGA-HI.

2. CEREMONIAL AGENTS
   Incense: Juniperus virginiana, MAAZI-HI; Savastana odorata, PEZHE ZONSTA.
   Sacred tent: Populus sargentii, MAA-ZHO^N.
   Ritual: Artemisia ludoviciana, A. gnaphalodes, PEZHE ROTE, Populus sargentii, MAA-ZHO^N; Salix spp.; Juniperus virginiana, MAAZI-HI; Zea mays, WAHABE; Savastana odorata, PEZHE-ZONSTA; Typha latifolia, WAHABE GASKONTHE; Fraxinus viridis, Lophophora williamsii Coult. (Echinocactus williamsii Lem.), MA^NKA^NAKA.

    NOTE--All plants in this table are native to Nebraska and of aboriginal use, except Lophophora, which is not native nor of ancient use, but was imported in modern times for use in the borrowed cult of the "Mescal Society", and Toxylon pomiferum which in aboriginal time was imported from southern Oklahoma.

3. ESTHETIC USES
   Perfumes for hair-oil: Rosa arkansana, WAZHIDE. Monarda fistulosa, PEZHE-PA.
   Perfumes for general uses: Aquilegia canadensis, INUBTHONKITHE-SABE-HI; Xanthoxylum americana, ZHON-PAHI-DHADHA, Galium triflorum, WAU-INU-MA^NKA^N or WAU-PEZHE.
   Skin stain: Sanguinaria canadensis.

4. GENERAL USES
   Vapor bath lodges: Salix spp.
   Fibres and cordage: Ulmus fulva, ZHO^NGTHI-GTHIDE (ZHO^N, wood; GTHIGTHIDE, slippery); Tilia americana, HINDE-HI.
   Snow shoes: Hicoria, spp., NO^NSI-HI.
   Hairbrushes: Stipa spartea, MIKA-HI
   Dyes: Rhus glabra, MINBDI-HI, Quercus rubra, BUUDE-HI; Acer saccharinum, WENU^N-SHABETHE- HI; Populus sargentii, MAA-ZHO^N; Juglans nigra, TDAGE; Acer Saccharinum, WENU^N-SHABE-THE-HI.

1. FOODS PROPER
   Roots, bulbs and tubers: Allium spp., MA^NZHO^N-KA-MANTANAHA-HI; Apios apios, NU; Helianthus tuberosa, PA^NHE; Psoralea esculenta, NU-GTHE; Sagittaria latifolia, SI^N.
   Potherbs and greens: Asclepias syriaca, WAHTHA.
   Bark: Ulmus fulva, ZHO^N-GTHIGTHIDE.
   Fungi: Ustilago maydis, WAHABE-HTHI.

       They also used the meadow mushroom and the several species of edible mushrooms which are found on decaying wood in the woodland along the Missouri river.

   Fruits, seeds and nuts: Corylus americana, U^N-ZHINGA; Juglans nigra, TDAGE; Quercus rubra, BUUDE; Crataegus mollis, C. coccinea, TASPA^N; Fragaria virginiana, BASHTE; Lepargyraea argentea, ZHO^N-HOJE-WAZHIDE; Prunus besseyi, NO^NPA TANGA; P. virginiana, NO^NPA ZHINGA; P. americana, KANDE; Ribes missouriensis, PEZHI; Rubus occidentalis, AGATHUNKEMONGE-HI; Falcata comosa, HI^NBTHI ABE; Viburnum lentago, Vitis vulpina, HAZI; Zea mays, WAHABE; Zizania aquatica, SI^NWANINDE.
   Sugar and syrup: Acer saccharinum, WENU-SHABATHE-HI; A. negundo, ZHABATE-ZHO^N-HI.

2. BEVERAGES
   Ceanothus americana, TABÉ-HI.
   Crataegus mollis, C. Coccinea, TASPA^N-HI.
   Mentha canadensis, PEZHE NUBTHO^N.
   Verbena stricta, PEZHE-MA^NKA^N.
   Rubus occidentalis, AGATHUNKEMO^NGE-HI.

3. SMOKING
   Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Cornus sericea, NINIGA HIRTE-ZHIDE.
   Rhus glabra, MI^NBDI-HI.

III
MEDICINES

1. PROPERTIES and USES
   Anaesthetic (local): Echinacea angustifolia.
   Antitode for snakebites, stings and septic conditions: Echinacea angustifolia.
   Astringent for wounds and open sores: Amorpha canescens, TDE HU^NTO^N-HI.
   Carminative: Mentha canadensis, PEZHE NUB-THO^N.
   Febrifuge: Artemisia gnaphalodes, PEZHE-HOTE, Caulophyllum thalictroides, ZHU NAKADA TANGA MA^NKA^N.
   Moxa: Amorpha canescens, TDE-HU^NTO^N-HI.
   Poultice: Oenothera rhombipetala, WEOSHI; Asclepias tuberosa, KÍU-MAKAN; Oxalis stricta, HADE SATHE; Rhus glabra, MINBDI-HI; Lacinaria scariosa, MANKAN-SAGI.
   Tonic: Acorus calamus, Silphium laciniatum (for horses), ZHA PA.
   Smoke treatment: ASHUDE-KITHE; S. perfoliatum, ZHABAHOHO-HI.

2. DISEASES
   Abdominal troubles: Lacinaria scariosa, MANKAN-SAGI.
   Eye troubles: Echinacea angustifolia, Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos, Rosa arkansana, WA-ZHIDE.
   Fever: Caulophyllum thalictroides, ZHU NAKADA TANGA MANKAN; Artemisia gnaphalodes, PEZHE HOTE.
   Headache: Artemisia gnaphalodes, PEZHE HOTE; Monarda fistulosa, PEZHE-PA.
   Inflammation: Lacinaria scariosa, MANKAN-SAGI.
   Nasal hemorrhage: Artemisia gnaphalodes, PEZHE HOTE.

1. Solidago spp., ZHA SAGE ZI.

2. Micrampelis lobata, WAHA TANGA-HI.

3. Prunus americana, KANDE.

4. Acer negundo, ZHÁBATA-ZHO^N-HI.

5. Ceanothus americana, TABÉ-HI.

6. Silphium laciniatum, PEZHE-PA.

7. Zea mays (red variety), WAHÁBE.

8. Melilotus alba, INU-BTHO^N-KITHE-HI.

---

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   24

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   NOTE-This report is of special interest in that it contains an excellent plate of Lophophora williamsii and one of L. lewinii as they are therein specifically distinguished.