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APPENDIX.

of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in much imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II.

   SECTION 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of SketchAmerica. He shall hold his office during the term of four years and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

   2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number Sketchof electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no senator, or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an elector.

   [3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of Sketchwhom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the Sketchvotes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But, in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-president. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the vice-president.]1

Sketch   4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.2

   5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of Sketchthe adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president, neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

   6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or Sketchinability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-president,3 declaring what officer shall then act as president; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected.


   1 This clause, within brackets, has been superseded by the 12th Amendment. See p. 16.
   2 The regular time for choosing electors is the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November preceding the expiration of a presidential term The day on which they shall give their votes is the first Wednesday of the December following; and the votes shall be counted and declared in Congress (see Amendments to the Constitution, Art. XII., p. 16,) the second Wednesday of the following February.
   3 In this case "the president of the senate pro tempore, and in case there shall be no president of the senate, then the speaker of the house of representatives for the time being, shall act as president of the United States, until the disability be removed or a president shall be elected." And the secretary of state shall notify the executives of the different states to cause the first Wednesday of the December next preceding the expiration of a presidential term.


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

13

   7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall Sketchneither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.1

   8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or Sketchaffirmation:--
   "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

   SEC. 11. 1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United SketchStates; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer, in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

   2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, Sketchprovided two thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

   3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess Sketchof the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

    SEC. III. 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of Sketchthe Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient,2 he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

    SEC. IV. 1. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall Sketchbe removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III.

   SECTION I. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme SketchCourt, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

   SEC. II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this Sketchconstitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states; between a State and citizens of


   1 The salary of the president, from the beginning of the government to 1873, was $25,000 a year. It was then raised to, and still continues at, $50,000. That of the vice-president is &8,000 a year.
   2 It is the custom of the president to comply with this requisition in a message to Congress at the opening of each session. Washington and John Adams made their messages in person to both houses of Congress assembled in convention. Jefferson introduced the present practice of sending to the two houses a written message by his private secretary.


14

APPENDIX.

another state; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states; and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.

   2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in Sketchwhich a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make.

   3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial Sketchshall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

    SEC. III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against Sketchthem, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

   2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of Sketchtreason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV.

   SECTION I. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, Sketchand judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sketch    SEC. II. 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.

   2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from Sketchjustice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.

   3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into Sketchanother, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

    SEC. III. 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new Sketchstates shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.

   2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations Sketchrespecting, the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.

    SEC. IV. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican Sketchform of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.

    1. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall Sketchpropose amendments to this constitution; or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may, be proposed by the Congress;


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

15

provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.

ARTICLE VI.

   1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Sketchconstitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution as under the Confederation.

   2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance Sketchthereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

   3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state Sketchlegislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII.

   1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the Sketchestablishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same.1

   Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth, In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.2

GEO. WASHINGTON,   
Presidt. and deputy from Virginia.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.
PENNSYLVANIA.
VIRGINIA.

John Langdon,

B. Franklin,

John Blair

Nicholas Gilman.

Thomas Mifflin,

James Madison, Jr.

Robt. Morris,

MASSACHUSETTS.

Gen: Clymer,

Nathaniel Gorham,

The: Fitzsimons,

NORTH CAROLINA.

Rufus King.

Jared Ingersoll,

Wm. Blount,

James Wilson,

Rich'd Dobbs Spaight,

CONNECTICUT.

Gouv: Morris.

Hu. Williamson.

Wm. Saml. Johnson,

Roger Sherman.

DELAWARE.
SOUTH CAROLINA.

Geo: Read,

J. Rutledge,

NEW YORK.

Gunning Bedford, Jun'r,

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,

Alexander Hamilton.

John Dickinson,

Charles Pinckney,

Richard Bassett,

Pierce Butler.

NEW JERSEY.

Jaco: Broom.

Wil. Livingston,

David Brearley,

MARYLAND.
GEORGIA.

Wm. Paterson,

James M'Henry,

William Few,

Joint. Dayton.

Dan: of St. Thos. Jenifer,

Abr. Baldwin.

Daul. Carron.

Attest:     WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.   


   1 See p. 1,50, ¶ 5, and note 1.
   2 The number of delegates chosen to the convention was sixty-five; ten did not attend; sixteen declined signing the Constitution, or left the convention before it was ready to be signed. Thirty-nine signed.


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