that State. He then proceeded to Chicago, and spent nearly two years on the Board of Trade. In 1879 our subject took a new departure, coming to Otoe County to engage in farming, and was thus very profitably employed until 1884, when he came to Nebraska City, and bought a livery stock and back line, and he is still conducting the business with gratifying success.
   Mr. Covell has not lacked the assistance of a good wife to help him in the upbuilding of a home, which she makes cheery and cozy, as he was united in marriage, in March, 1876, to Miss Nannie R., daughter of William and Sarah McCoy, and a native of Illinois. Their union has been blessed by the birth of four children, namely: Fannie E., Phillip, Mattie and Clara.
   Mr, and Mrs. Covell are valued members of the Baptist Church, and they contribute liberally to its support. Mr. Covell belongs to Nuckolls Lodge No. 13, A. O. U. W., and was a charter member of Rampkin Encampment No. 331, M. W.

AMES D. CARMICHAEL, a pioneer of Otoe County, has by his zeal, enterprise and business ability, contributed greatly to its growth and development. His home until recently was very pleasantly located in the town of Minersville, which he himself platted and named in 1874. The present site of the town was formerly owned by a company who purchased it of the Government, and then started a paper in its interests, which was printed in New York, and by that means they advertised it extensively, and sold lots, giving bonds for deeds. Finally all but three of the old company left, a new company was formed, and one of the three signed all his rights and title to the land in favor of Mr. Carmichael, who bought the land at public auction when it was sold by the Government at the land-office. The city was once quite flourishing, having 200 inhabitants. There is a store here with a small stock of goods, and a few dwelling-houses. The town has a very fine location on a bluff overlooking the Missouri River, commanding an extensive and beautiful prospect for a long distance both up and down the stream. Mr. Carmichael has upward of 400 acres of land here; the greater part of it is timber, and he carries on a large business in clearing it and selling the wood and lumber.
   The subject of this sketch was born in Wayne Township, Mifflin Co., Pa., Aug. 7, 1812. He is derived from a sturdy, vigorous Scotch ancestry, being a descendant of one of three brothers who emigrated from Scotland to America in Colonial times. His father, Duncan Carmichael, and his grandfather were born in Bordentown, N. J., and the latter, so far as known, spent his entire life there. The father of our subject was married in Pennsylvania, and moved from there to Tennessee about the year 1800, becoming an early settler of Grainger County. He first went to that State to seek a location, going to Ft. Pitt (now Pittsburgh), Pa., and from there down the Ohio River to Limestone Landing, near Maysville, Ky., and thence overland to Tennessee. He was accompanied by a brother, and they selected a location and then went back to Pennsylvania for their families. They started on their return to the new homes that they had selected in the wilderness with teams, taking their household goods along, and going through Maryland and Virginia to Tennessee. The land that Mr. Carmichael had bought was heavily timbered, and after building a log house to shelter his family, he vigorously commenced the pioneer task of cutting down the tall old forest trees and preparing his land for cultivation. He resided there ten years, and then returned to Pennsylvania to settle on his father-in-law's farm, and there died Feb. 24, 1812. The maiden name of his wife, the mother of our subject, was Elizabeth Cunningham, and she was born in Wayne Township, Mifflin Co., Pa. Her father, John Cunningham, was born in Ireland, and came to America in his youth. He was a poor boy, and worked about until he could earn enough money to buy a small tract of land in Wayne Township, of which he was an early settler. Soon after that he entered the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, and for three years served his adopted country faithfully. While he was away his wife and two small children occupied the cabin that he had erected on his land. The Indians were at that time troublesome, and Mrs. Cunningham used to walk to the

fort, four miles distant, every night, carrying one child in her arms. She would return in the morning to her home, and busy herself all day about the farm work, which she did all alone, and through her diligence all of the grain was saved, reaped and threshed. She was indeed a true helpmate, and to her courage and able assistance her husband was greatly beholden for the prosperity that came to him in after years. After his return from the war Mr. Cunningham engaged in farming and stock-raising, and became well off. He planted two good orchards and erected a large stone house on the home farm, in which he and his wife passed their last years.
   In this pleasant home our subject grew to manhood, and there his mother passed away in May, 1848. Of her marriage three children had been born: Abbie, who married William Dysart, is now deceased; John C., who died at the age of twenty, and our subject. He attended the district schools and assisted on the farm until he was nineteen, when the management of the farm fell to him. He resided on the old homestead until 1845, when he went to LaFayette, Ind., where he engaged in buying and shipping grain. He had previously visited that place in 1840, and bought a section of improved land eight miles from the town which he rented until 1847, when he sold it. In 1850 he moved to St. Louis, but after four months' residence there he moved to Rock Island, Ill., on account of ill-health. He engaged in the latter city as a pilot over the rapids to the river steamers. He became prominently identified with the best interests of Rock Island, and at the end of four years gave up his position as pilot to accept the office of Superintendent of Public Works. He built the first levee at Rock Island, and the first macadamized streets in the city, and various other improvements were the results of his energy and efficiency. In 1857 he started for the Territory of Nebraska, having sold a small steamer to the Union Colony that was coming here to locate. He delivered the steamer at the point in Otoe County known then as Otoe City, now Minersville. In July of that year Mr. Carmichael bought a steam sawmill in Fremont County, Iowa, on the east bank of the Missouri River. He operated that a year, then sold it, and in 1859 started a lumber-yard at the point now known as Millersville, and he ran flatboats from here to Line Island, and did a large business, people coming even from as far west as Beatrice to buy lumber of him. He was actively engaged in the lumber business ten years, and at the same time had a steamboat wood yard to supply the many boats that were constantly plying up and down the river. In 1863 Mr. Carmichael became interested in farming, buying a farm on the southwest quarter of section 2, Otoe Precinct, and in 1868 he removed there and devoted his time almost exclusively to agricultural pursuits until 1881. In that year he sold his farm and returned to Millersville.
   Mr. Carmichael was married, March 27, 1838, to Miss Julia Leyman, and on the 27th of March, 1888, they celebrated their golden wedding. This was an occasion of solemn and heartfelt joy to their many warm friends for what the years had brought them, and that they were still in the enjoyment of vigorous bodily and mental health. In the fifty years that they have walked the path of life together, they have not only mutually encouraged and strengthened each other in the trials that come to all, but their friendly hands have often been extended to help others, and many were the grateful hearts that overflowed with good-will and kind wishes toward them on that anniversary. Theirs has been a happy wedded life, affording to the world a spectacle of true marriage. They have one child, Myra, who married George Brown, and lives in Otoe Precinct. They have nine grandchildren living and two great-grandchildren. Mr. and Mrs. Carmichael reared their granddaughter, Abbie E. Brown, who lived with them from infancy until her marriage to S. J. Thomas. She now resides in Nebraska City, and has two children--Minnie L. and Harry F.
   Mrs. Carmichael was born at Clark's Ferry, Dauphin Co., Pa., Aug. 9, 1815. Her father, Henry Leyman, was born in Reading, Pa., and was reared and married in his native State. He learned the trade of stone-cutter, and became an architect and stone builder. Later he entered the mercantile business at Millerstown, Perry Co., Pa., and there died. The maiden name of his wife, Mrs. Carmichael's mother, was Mary Rudy. She was

born in Huntingdon County, Pa., and died in LaFayette, Ind.
   Mr. Carmichael is a man of more than average mental capacity and ability, well dowered with firmness and strength of character, and still retains much of the enterprise and energy that marked his earlier years. He was at one time one of the leading members of the Republican party in this vicinity. He cast his first vote for Jackson, and he afterward voted for Polk and Pierce, and when the Republican party was formed he fell into the ranks and voted for Fremont, the first candidate of the party, and he voted for Lincoln and for Grant, and in 1872 voted for Greeley. He then became a Greenbacker, and was elected to meet at the State Constitutional Convention, which was voted down at the same election. He served as Justice of the Peace in Territorial days and married the first couple in Otoe Precinct. Mr. Carmichael at present resides in Nebraska City, where he has long been favorably known. His portrait and that of his estimable wife are presented in this connection.

ON. WILLIAM BUCHANAN. No pioneer of Otoe County is more entitled to honor and respect than the subject of this biographical sketch, who has borne an active part in the advancement not only of the material and public interests of Otoe County, but has done much to promote the cause of education and religion within her borders. When he came here thirty-three years ago last May (1888) to cast in his lot with the few brave, hardy, adventurous settlers who had preceded him, he found the broad, undulating prairies almost as wild and primeval as if fresh from the hands of Nature. There were but few habitations scattered along the water courses; Indians, who were always friendly, still made their home here, and were frequent visitors at his house, gladly partaking of his hospitality, as, Indian like, they were always hungry; deer, antelopes, wild turkeys and other wild game roamed across the plains, where now stand the most populous and thriving cities of Nebraska, and the first winter that he was here he shot a deer near his present home. Our subject, with courage and persistent endurance, met and surmounted the various sore trials and hardships that are peculiar to the life of a pioneer, and has accumulated a good property, improved a fine farm, and has built up one of the most comfortable homes in Nebraska City Precinct.
   Our subject was born April 28, 1826, in Monroe County, Ohio, five miles west of Woodsfield. His father, William Buchanan, was a native of Pennsylvania, and his grandfather was born in Ireland, and was of Scotch ancestry. He came to America and settled in the western part of Pennsylvania, where he followed farming, and spent the remainder of his life. The father of our subject was reared and married in his native State, and moved into Washington County, that State, about 1820, and then to Monroe County, Ohio, the removal being made with teams, and became a pioneer. He bought a tract of timber land, erecting a log house on it, the same in which our subject was afterward born. The surrounding country presented the wildest aspect, and deer, bears and wolves were plentiful there for some years after his settlement. They were forced to live in the most primitive way, and the mother of our subject cooked by the fireplace, and spun and wove the flax and wool out of which she made all the clothing of the family, and the father at the same time made the shoes for the children. The nearest market and depot of supplies was at Bellaire, fifty miles distant, over rough roads through the primeval forest. Salt was scarce and very expensive, and Mr. Buchanan relates that his father used to go to Pennsylvania on horseback and pack salt back for family use. His father lived to clear a good farm and to see the country well developed, dying in 1882, at the ripe old age of ninety years. The maiden name of his wife was Mary Stewart, and she was a native of Pennsylvania. Her father was a native of Ireland, and was of Scotch antecedents. There were eight children born to the parents of our subject, all of whom grew to maturity.
   The subject of this sketch resided with his parents in his native county until he was twenty-two years old. He then married, and settled in Lewisville, Monroe County, where he was engaged in the mercantile business continuously from that time

until the spring of 1855. He then sold out and started for the Territory of Nebraska, having resolved to make his home in the future under these sunny skies. He traveled on the Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to Leavenworth, Kan., thence went to St. Joseph and from there to Savannah, Mo., where he made a short visit. He then resumed his journey and proceeded to Omaha and Council Bluffs, the latter being a small village, while Omaha was but a hamlet. There was no hotel there at that time, and the only place of entertainment for strangers was a small building where meals were served to order. Our subject spent two weeks at Council Bluffs, and then went on to Missouri by stage, and he crossed the stream at Brownville, Neb., where he met S. F. Nuckolls and J. S. Morton, who invited him to ride to Nebraska City. He gladly accepted their kind invitation, and thus, early in the mouth of May, made his first entrance into the city with which his interests were to be so strongly identified in the future. The only hotel in the place was pointed out to him, and he saw that it consisted of a small, rude frame building, not completed, and not a room in the house was plastered. The Government buildings that had comprised Ft. Kearney were partly standing then, and there were three stores with a small supply of goods.
   Mr. Buchanan's object was to seek a location for farming. He had explored the country around Omaha for that purpose but did not like it there. He found these surroundings much more pleasing, and he bought lots in the city, and employed a man to build a house for him while he went back to Ohio for his family; he returned with them early in December. He had started to come by water, but the Missouri was so low that the boats could only go as far as St. Joseph, Mo., and from there they came with a team. Our subject found his house ready for occupancy, and during the winter he traded his home for his present farm, it then being held as a squatter's claim. In the spring of 1856 he moved his family here, there being a log cabin and a stable on the place, and twenty-five acres of the land were broken. He at once set about making more improvements, and has been a continuous resident here since. He now has a valuable, highly cultivated farm, has erected a good set of frame buildings, and has planted a fine orchard of fruit trees of various kinds.
   April 2, 1850, was the wedding day of our subject, when he was united to Miss N. D. Oldham. Ten children have been born to them, six of whom are living, namely: Samuel Ross, John W., Charles Francis, Ella L., Sarah Anna and Nannie. James J., their second child, died at the age of twenty-three, being killed by lightning; the other three died in infancy.
   In nothing more strongly did the pioneers of Otoe County show their wisdom and foresight, and their desire to promote the highest and noblest interests of their new homes, than by the early introduction of the church and the school-house, so that the religious and educational institutions have kept pace with the material advancement of the county. Our subject has been an important factor in the establishment of both, in which he is warmly interested. He served on the School Board for a number, of years, and he and his estimable wife are devoted members of the Presbyterian Church. and they unite in doing good and in helping others. Mr. Buchanan has also served the public as a member of the Territorial Legislature, having been elected to represent his district in that body in 1861. His political principles are formulated in the platform of the Democratic party, of which he is it faithful adherent.

ACOB HOPP. This gentleman is a member of the firm of Tangeman & Sons, of McWilliams Precinct, engaged in the milling trade, and has been so connected since the fall of the year 1884. He has been directly and profitably engaged with the firm, and is a practical miller, having learned the business in all its details in the mill he now operates. Our subject has been a resident of the county for over ten years, living chiefly in Osage Precinct until he began to learn the willing trade.
   The subject of our sketch was born in Lee County, Iowa, on the 29th of July. 1859. He is the fourth child and second son of Plillip (sic) Hopp, now a