junior, having been born in 1811, in New York. The paternal grandfather, James Manley, also a native of the Green Mountain State, followed farming there during the younger years of his life, but in 1811 emigrated to the young State of Ohio, locating near what is now Cicero, in Hancock County. Two years later, however, he pushed on further westward to Indiana, and located in Ripley County, being one of its first settlers. He took up 160 acres of land, from which he constructed it good farm, and where he spent the remainder of his life, passing away in 1854.
   The great-grandfather of our subject was also a native of Vermont, and the son of an English gentleman, who emigrated to America during the Colonial times, and carried a musket in the Revolutionary War, being then an old man. After the Colonists had achieved their independence he returned to Vermont, engaged in farming, and died there at the age of eighty years. On the mother's side, Grandfather Alex. Halford was born in New York State, where he engaged in farming in early life, but in 1813 removed to Ohio. He purchased a tract of wild land in Muskingum County, but two years later, upon the outbreak of the Indian wars on the frontier, removed to Dearborn County, Ind., and located upon a tract of land. This he left in 1820, starting South with his family on a boat, and was never afterward heard from.
   The maternal great-grandfather of our subject was American born, but of Scotch descent. Martin Manley, the father of our subject, was twelve years of age when his parents removed to Ohio. He accompanied them to Ripley County, Ind., assisted in the opening up a farm, and lived in that State until 1865, in the meantime being married and becoming the father of a family. That year he sold out and took up his abode on a small farm in Crawford County, Ill. He only survived this removal one year, dying in 1866. The mother afterward made her home with her daughter and son, and died in Kentucky, in 1874. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
   The parental family of our subject included five children, namely: Emily, Martin V. B.; Abraham F. our subject; Marietta and Martha J. Martin, soon after the outbreak of the Civil War, enlisted in Company B, 51st Indiana Infantry, serving three years, and until December, 1864. In the meantime he engaged in several conflicts with the enemy, and on one of the raids occurring about that time was captured and sent to Belle Isle Prison, where he was confined two weeks; then, through a lucky mistake, he was exchanged, and returned home in safety. The children are located mostly in Nebraska.
   The subject of this sketch remained under the parental roof until a youth of fifteen years. In the fall of 1854 he engaged to manage the locomotive power of a canal boat, and later employed himself on a farm. His educational advantages have been extremely limited, the necessity for making himself useful preventing his attendance at school. He finally engaged in steam-boating on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, from Lawrenceburg, Ind., to New Orleans, and became an expert pilot, knowing the location of about every snag and sand bank of importance in those waters. He was thus employed six seasons, making trips from Lawrenceburg to New Orleans in forty-four days. In midsummer he engaged in saw-milling, and was thus variously occupied until 1862. On the 18th of August, that year, he enlisted in Company G, 83d Indiana Infantry, and prepared to fight the battles of his country. The regiment was assigned to the 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 15th Corps, Army of the Tennessee, and he was mustered in at Lawrenceburg, Ind., whence the boys were sent soon afterward to Memphis, Tenn. Thence they proceeded down the Mississippi to Vicksburg, and engaged with the enemy at Chickasaw Bayou, skirmishing along the line, and finally returning to Vicksburg.
   They were employed in that locality digging a canal until February, when the valley was overflowed, and they proceeded up the levee and encamped at Young's Point. Later followed the Yazoo River expedition, and upon the concentration of troops at Vicksburg they repaired thither once more, and were all through the siege of that city and until after its surrender.
   Mr. Manley thereafter did good service as a soldier at Mission Ridge, and witnessed Hooker's fight above the clouds. Later followed the siege of Atlanta, and our subject participated in many im-

portant engagements of that campaign, marching with Sherman to the sea. At Raleigh, S. C., they received news of Lee's surrender, and soon afterward started for Washington, our subject and his comrades taking part in the grand review, and shortly afterward received their discharge and were mustered out. His army experience was similiar to that of thousands of others, replete with hardships and privations, and having little to reward him besides the consciousness of having done his duty. Years hence, when his grandchildren will perhaps peruse these papers, it will be a matter of pride to which they will point with much satisfaction.
   Upon leaving the service our subject returned to Indiana, and operated the engine of a sawmill until August, 1866. He then started for Nebraska, crossing the Missouri River at St. Joseph, and homesteaded 160 acres of land in Mission Creek Precinct, within whose limits he has since resided. His experience on the frontier was similar to that of hundreds of others, with the exception that he formed the advance guard of settlement in this section. He labored a number of seasons in bringing his land to a state of cultivation, enclosing it with fences and putting up the necessary buildings. He then began planting fruit and forest trees, and has now a fine grove of seven acres and an orchard of 600 apple trees in good hearing condition. Besides enclosing his land there was considerable cross fencing to be done. He was fortunate in his selection of a location, and has not a foot of waste land on his premises. His attention for the past few years has been largely given to stock-raising, including horses, cattle and swine. He has a fine windmill, with water tanks and everything convenient for the prosecution of his calling. The homestead in all respects forms one of the ideal rural estates, conducted after the best approved modern methods.
   In 1862 our subject was united in marriage with Miss Naomi Clark, in Ripley County, Ind. Mrs. Manley is, like her husband, a native of that county, where she was reared to womanhood, and remained with her parents until becoming the mistress of her own home. Of this congenial union there have been born seven children, the eldest of whom, a son, Elmer E., is married, and carrying on farming in Gage County; Lillian J. is the wife of H. Hallett; he is a teacher by profession, and they live in the city of Lincoln. Frances E. married Mr. H. Garrison, and they live on a farm in Morse County, Kan.; Charles H., Thomas E., Arthur and Alonzo F. are at home with their parents.
   Mr. Manley, politically, is a decided Republican, and has been a useful man in local politics, frequently serving as a delegate to the various conventions, and cheerfully giving his time and influence to the furtherance of its principles. He has represented his precinct in the County Board of Supervisors and has been a member of the School Board for years. Socially, he belongs to the G. A. R. and the Grange in Mission Creek.

L. CORNELL, dealer in general merchandise, grain and live stock, in the town of Violet, is one of the most successful and enterprising representatives of those varied interests to be found in Pawnee County. He was born in Plumfield, Somerset Co., N. J., Oct. 16, 1848. He comes of fine stock, and on his mother's side traces his ancestry back to Sir Francis Drake, the famous navigator of Queen Elizabeth's time. The father of our subject, William Cornell, was born in New York State, and his mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Drake, was born in Somerset County, N. J. Elijah Cornell, the paternal grandfather of our subject, was born in New York State, and after attaining manhood he was for many years a prosperous hardware merchant in New York City. His death occurred in that great metropolis in 1866, he then having reached the rips old age of over eighty years. He was a Quaker in his religion, and was in every way a thoroughly good man. The maternal grandfather of our subject, Noah Drake, was a well-to-do farmer and stock-raiser of Somerset County, N. J. He took an active part in the War of 1812. In his religious faith he was a firm Baptist. His death occurred in 1854, at an advanced age.
   The father of our subject was reared in New York City. He had a great natural taste for the

sea, and at the age of eighteen became a sailor, and made his first voyage. For twenty years his life was passed mostly before the mast, and he worked his way up to the position of first mate of a vessel. He traveled extensively, visiting China, East India, and many other foreign countries, and was shipwrecked many times. His health finally gave way, and he settled down to life on dry land, and locating on a farm in New Jersey, comprising 110 acres, engaged in farming and stock-raising until his death in 1859, at the age of fifty-two years. He was a man of good mental capacity, of clever, upright character, and hearty, generous feelings, and with his respected wife, was held in affection by all in the community where they resided. They were both esteemed and consistent members of the Baptist Church, although he had been reared a Quaker. He was a Republican in his politics. Of that marriage six children were born: Thomas L., Mary (deceased), Sarah, Lillie, Walter and Jane. After the father's death the mother moved to Illinois in 1863, and there died at the age of sixty-five, in August, 1883.
   Our subject was eleven years old when he had the misfortune to lose his father, and he continued to live with his mother until the age of fourteen. He secured an excellent education in the graded schools of Plainfield, N. J., and in 1863 accompanied his mother to Delaware, Tazewell Co., Ill. He worked on a farm there for two years, and then operated his mother's farm until the spring of 1868. Then, ambitious to avail himself of the advantages offered to energetic and intelligent young farmers by the cheap lands of Nebraska, he migrated to this State, coming by boat to Rulo, and thence with wagon to Pawnee County. He pre-empted 160 acres of land on section 1, Miles Precinct, improved it to some extent, and after proving upon it, sold it. He then rented a farm and bought stock, and continued on that place until he was old enough to take up a homestead, and then bought a claim of 160 acres on section 14, Miles Precinct. It was wild land with no improvements, he being one of the first settlers in the precinct, and he broke the soil, set out two acres of groves and an orchard, sowed some of his land to tame grass, fenced the place with hedge and wire, and made many other valuable improvements. He purchased more land, until he had a fine farm of 240 acres, and he then bought two farms adjoining, and had 445 acres of improved farming land. He raised sheep extensively, and at one time had a flock of 3,200 Merinos. He thus had one of the most extensive sheep ranches in Pawnee County, and used to ship some two carloads of wool a year. He also raised other stock, and fed many hogs, besides buying and shipping stock to Kansas City. He continued to be largely engaged in the sheep business until 1881, when, the tariff being taken off wool, he found it not so profitable, he carried on general farming until 1886, when he disposed of his farm, and bought a stock of general merchandise of Gov. Butler, and a building at Violet, and engaged in the general merchandise business. He afterward increased his stock, and besides general merchandise, carries hardware, drugs, agricultural implements, etc. Mr. Cornell is also engaged in buying and shipping stock, and in buying grain, and has cribs and scales, also devotes much attention to raising horses of fine breed, and his one full-blooded whip stallion, "Diomede," and others. Mr. Cornell is a man of versatile talents and indefatigable energy, possessing extraordinary business acumen and executive ability, whereby even from very early manhood he has been enabled to handle extensive interests with ease and profit.
   Our subject was married to Miss Mayra Osborn, near Pawnee City, Neb., in April, 1878. She is a native of Indiana, and a daughter of David M. Osborn. She was finely educated, attending the Normal School of Nebraska, and for some years was a very successful teacher.
   Our subject has built a cozy residence in his store building, and his happy household circle is completed by the three children--Nellie, Edna and Grace--who have blessed the marriage of himself and wife.
   Mr. Cornell is the present Postmaster of Violet, and has held the position since 1886, yet he is one of the leading Republicans of this vicinity, and has been a delegate to County Conventions. He is prominently identified with the civic offices of the town, as Supervisor, member of the local School

Board, etc. He belongs to the Baptist Church in Pawnee City, and was active in building the church. He also assisted in building the Methodist Church in Violet, and was one of the building committee. He attends that church because it is more convenient, and is a teacher in the Sunday school connected with it.

LI T. BOONE, one of the early pioneers of Pawnee County, is an honored citizen of Table Rock Precinct, with whose farming interests he has been identified for more than twenty years, and he has actively assisted in developing its great agricultural resources. He came to his present farm in 1867, settling on it when it was a part of the unbroken prairie, and he built the first house that was erected on the high land in this precinct. This humble dwelling, a relic of pioneer days, is still standing, forming a part of his present commodious and conveniently arranged residence, that he built in 1872. The first primitive abode is a small frame house, 14x16 feet in dimensions, and Mr. Boone had to draw the lumber from Rulo, taking two days to go and come, and he had to pay about $30 for his cottonwood lumber. In the busy years that followed his first settlement here our subject broke and improved his land as fast as possible, and now has one of the finest forms in this locality, it being well fenced and under admirable tillage, and amply provided with neat and substantial buildings, and good machinery for rendering the necessary work for operating it as easily done as possible. Mr. Boone has from time to time added to his original purchase, or sold land when he found it profitable to do so, until he now has ninety-three acres besides his homestead. He was for a time engaged in the nursery business, but gave way to O. D. Howe, and has since paid much attention to raising cattle, hogs, and horses of good grades, from which branch of agriculture he derives a good income. He devotes much of his time to the culture of fruit, and had the first bearing orchard anywhere within ten or twelve miles of this locality, he having set out the first orchard within those limits, it containing forty apple trees. He now has a fine orchard of six acres, which has been in bearing for fifteen years, and contains some of the finest fruit in Pawnee County, among which are the Jonathan and Grimes Golden Pipkin, considered two of the best varieties of apples ever grown. In setting out his trees he dug holes for their reception four feet square and two feet deep, and by keeping them well watered and mulched he never lost any of them, and they have well repaid his good care by yielding from 300 to 500 bushels in different seasons, which he has sold at the rate of from fifty to seventy-five cents a bushel. Mr. Boone has also set out a good many acres of forest trees, and they make a good windbreak, thus protecting his crops and buildings.
   Our subject is an Englishman by birth, and first saw the light of day in Somersetshire, Old England, March 20, 1834. His parents, John and Harriet (Shorney) Boone, were likewise native of that country, the father having been born Aug. 20, 1804, and the mother Dec. 31, 1799. They lived and died in their native land, both being held in the highest respect for their many solid virtues and genuine worth of character. They were the parents of five children, whom they trained to honest and useful lives.
   He of whom we write received a good practical education, and at the age of twenty-two, with that for capital, besides strong muscle and an energetic disposition, left the home of his childhood and youth with its many pleasant associations, and the friends that were dear to him, to seek on another continent a new home amid strange scenes and faces. After landing on these shores he proceeded to Warren, Jo Daviess Co., Ill., and there spent the few years that intervened before his settlement in Nebraska, where he came to cast his lot with the pioneers who had preceded him. While a resident of that county he had the good fortune to meet Miss Eunice Pepoon, who consented to unite her life with his, and Sept. 17, 1865, their marriage was duly solemnized. Of this union seven children have been born, viz.: Henry O., Gertrude M., Frederic G., Albert C., Frank C., Arthur E. and May E. They are all at home, and with fine educations, form a cultivated family group. Miss Ger-

trade has rare talent as an artist, and paints landscapes and flowers with remarkable fidelity to nature, from which she selects her subjects. Mrs. Boone is a daughter of Deacon Silas Pepoon, for a sketch of whose life see the biography of J. B. and T. W. Pepoon. She was born in Painesville, Ohio, Aug. 23, 1841, and has indeed been a true helpmate to her husband, who is greatly indebted to her cheerful assistance for his prosperity, and to her children she is a wise and tender mother.
   As an honest, sturdy, intelligent, upright man, our subject has had a marked influence in the civic affairs of this precinct, whose growth he has watched and aided from its infancy. He was a resident here as early as the time of the organization of District No. 35, and has for many years been a Director. As contractor and builder he built the first school-house here, erecting a small building worth $500, and he was also Chairman and Director of the Building Committee that had charge of the erection of the present substantial structure that has replaced the old school-house. He is not, however, an office-seeker, preferring the quiet and comfort of a pleasant fireside to the bustle and discord of public life. In 1860 he made a trip, in company with others, across the plains to Oregon, with ox-teams; it took five months, and the year following, the war breaking out he enlisted in the 1st Oregon Cavalry, and served three years in the Army of the Pacific Slope, their duties principally being in guarding coast defenses, and protecting the emigrants and settlers from the Indians. After his discharge he returned to Warren, Ill. He is a member of the G. A. IR, and he and his family occupy a prominent social position in this community. In politics he votes with the Republican party, which finds in him one of its stanchest supporters.

ILLIAM H CURTIS. Pawnee City for some time has been taking upon herself the airs of older towns, and has already quite a list of retired merchants. This fact illustrates her rapid growth, and the fact that it has not taken a lifetime for an enterprising man to accumulate a competency. The experience of Mr. Curtis in this region has been one more than ordinarily fortunate, and he is now living amid the comforts of a pleasant home, with, it is to be hoped, many comfortable years before him.
   The birthplace of our subject was many leagues from the spot of his present residence, he having been born in Portland, Me., Sept. 28, 1822. He was the third in a family of ten children, five of whom lived to mature years. His father, William Curtis, also a native of the Pine Tree State, died in his prime, when but forty years of age. The mother, Miss Rebecca E. Perry, was a distant relative of Commodore Perry, of Lake Erie fame. She also was a native of Maine, in which State she resided until her marriage. After the death of her husband she removed to Parkman, same State, and from there to Wisconsin, where she died in the year 1862.
   Young Curtis was thrown on his own resources when a lad of ten years, and employed himself at whatever he could find to do to make an honest living. He worked around among the farmers of Penobscot County, Me., and in 1848 migrated to Wisconsin, and took up land. where he settled and improved a farm. He left Wisconsin in 1860, and came to this county, at a time when the present site of Pawnee City was marked by four or five houses. In the fall of that same year he opened up a store on the corner of the Square, and conducted general merchandising until 1871.
   Mr. Curtis in the meantime had been recognized as a valued addition to the community, and after serving in various other positions of trust and responsibility, was elected Clerk of Pawnee County, holding the office four years. He was also appointed Postmaster of Pawnee City, which position he occupied until resigning. He had been married in his native State, Dec. 22, 1845, to Miss Izabelle B. Whitney, who bore him two children, one of whom died in infancy. The other, a son, Charles H., is a news dealer in Pawnee City. Mr. Curtis served as a member of the Constitutional Convention, and in social matters is identified with the I. O. O. F. He takes a warm interest in the success of the order, and has represented it in the Grand Lodge at Baltimore, Md.
   Mr. Curtis, like the balance of the Republican

party of which he is a member, looks forward to the administration of President Harrison as marking an era in the history of this great country. He keeps himself well posted upon the current events, and is always to be found in favor of everything to benefit the county and elevate society.

ETER G. FOALE. The memoir which is briefly sketched in connection with the above name is that of one of the earliest settlers and most extensive landowners of this county. He dates his advent into Nebraska Territory as the 4th of July, 1856, and further signalized it by taking up 160 acres of land a mile South of the Johnson County line. He is now the owner of a fine estate, having 760 acres of land in one body, and thoroughly improved, making it one of the most valuable homesteads in this region.
   Mr. Foale, the first fall after coming to Nebraska, sheltered himself in a rail shanty, covered with hay, which was destroyed by fire. In the log structure which he afterward erected he lived a period of ten years, and in 1870 put up a solid stone dwelling. In 1884 he erected a larger and finer domicile on the other side of the Nemaha, and this has for the last four years been his abode. In the meantime, in connection with these improvements, he has set out an orchard and trees of the smaller fruits, has gathered together a goodly assortment of farm stock and machinery, and bears the reputation of being one of the most wide-awake and successful agriculturists in this section of country.
   Coming to Table Rook Precinct before its school districts were organized, Mr. Foals was instrumental in the establishment and maintenance of schools, and was one of the first officers on the board of his district. He has never lost his interterest (sic) in education, has officiated as School Treasurer, and as may be supposed, assisted in the erection of the first school building. Although a man liberal and public-spirited, and ever on the alert to encourage the enterprises calculated to build up his community, he cares very little for politics, in fact is considerably disgusted with the doings of public officials. When he came to this region he had only one neighbor in sight, Mr. Armstrong, half a mile away. His nearest market was at Brownville, thirty miles away. In the erection of his stone house he did most of the work himself. Desirous of better facilities for the education of his son he went to Missouri, and spent the year 1860 and about half of 1861 there, but owing to the war the schools were not kept.
   Mr. Foale inherited the prominent traits of his character from his English ancestors, and is himself a Briton by birth, his native place being in Devonshire, where he was born Feb. 11, 1822. He lived there until a man of twenty-six years, emigrating to America in July, 1848. He settled first in Erie County, Ohio, and in October following was married to Miss Susan Hewitt. There were born to them two children, Oscar and William; the latter died when a few months old.
   Upon leaving Ohio Mr. and Mrs. Foals took up their residence first in Adams County, Ill., and thence removed to St. Joseph, Mo. Our subject for a number of years after leaving Ohio worked at his trade, although his intention had been from the start to have a farm of his own. With that aim in view he was willing to undergo the hardships and privations of the pioneer settler, and the manner in which he has been rewarded for his perseverance and his labors it would seem might be a source of abundant satisfaction. His farm is very productive, and of late years he has found that stock-raising was easier than the cultivation of the soil, and fully as profitable. He usually keeps 160 head of graded cattle, besides numbers of good horses and swine.
   Mrs. Susan (Hewitt) Foale, the wife of our subject, was born in Erie County, Ohio, Feb. 19, 1822, and is the daughter of Collins H. and Mary (Van Ness) Hewitt, the mother being one of the noted Van Ness family, of Kinderhook, N. Y. Mrs. F. was reared by an aunt, Mrs. Carpenter, with whom she lived from early childhood until her marriage. Oscar, the elder son of Mr. and Mrs. Foale, was born in August, 1850. He received a common-school education, and was married to Miss Annie Sipple, who bore him two children--Amy and

Percy. Mr. Foale is essentially a self-made man, having started out early in life dependent upon his own efforts, which after all proved to him a school of inestimable value in making him self-reliant, industrious and economical, thus laying the basis of his future success. In politics he is now independent. During the war he was a stanch Union man. In religious belief he is liberal.
   William Foale, the father of our subject, was also a native of Devonshire, England, and married a lady of his own county, who bore him four children, three of whom are living.
   Collins Hewitt, the father of Mrs. Foale, married Miss Mary Van Ness, of Erie County, Ohio, and to them were born seven children, of whom Mrs. F. was next to the youngest. The mother died, and Mr. Collins contracted a second marriage, and there were added to the number of his offspring several more children. He is now deceased, as is also his second wife.

EREMIAH N. McCASLAND, M. D., has been a practicing physician of good repute for a period of over thirty years, and has spent the greater part of this time in Pawnee City, having come to Nebraska Territory as early as 1858. As may be supposed, there were then but a few unimportant houses on the site of this present wealthy and flourishing town. The young physician opened an office, and although not being at first rushed with business, performed his duties as faithfully and conscientiously as if a thousand people were watching his movements. This course bore its legitimate fruits in the confidence and esteem of the people for miles around, and in due time he found himself on the high road to prosperity. He is now numbered among the most skilled and reliable practitioners of the county.
   It may be proper to glance at the opening years of the life of our subject, which were spent in the vicinity of the town of Madison, in Jefferson County, Ind., where his birth took place Sept. 3, 1821. His father, George McCasland, was a native of Kentucky, a wheelwright during the most active years of his life, and later engaged in agricultural pursuits. He married a lady of his own State, Miss Rachel, daughter of Jeremiah Laws, of Mercer County, Ky., and they lived there until 1830. They then emigrated to Indiana, where they spent the remainder of their days.
   The household circle of George McCasland and his estimable wife was completed by the birth of fourteen children, who, with one exception, all lived to attain their majority. Jeremiah N. was the fifth child. He pursued his first studies in the schools of his native county, where he continued to reside with his parents until twenty-three years of age. Probably the first important event of his life was his marriage with Miss Elizabeth A., daughter of Joseph Woods. The Woods family removed from Jefferson to this county in 1857.
   After their marriage the Doctor and his wife settled in Jefferson County, Ind., where our subject engaged in the milling business on the waters of Big Creek, and where he operated successfully a number of years. Thence he removed to Jackson County, Ind., and conducted a gristmill four years. In the meantime he utilized his leisure hours in reading medicine, and availed himself of the excellent instruction of Dr. Green. When sufficiently advanced he entered upon a course of lectures in the Medical College at Louisville, Ky., and a few months later commenced the practice of his chosen profession as the partner of his old instructor, Dr. Green. He left Indiana in the spring of 1858, coming to this county, and his after course we have already indicated. Only a comparatively brief time had elapsed until he was appointed by Gov. Butler First Assistant Physician for the Insane Asylum at Lincoln, a position which he held two years. Upon retiring from this he resumed his practice in Pawnee City and vicinity, and was fully established years ago as one of its leading physicians.
   Dr. McCasland, as one of the early pioneers of Pawnee County, looked upon this region of country before the streams were bridged, and before there was a railroad line west of St. Louis. No man has taken a livelier interest in the growth and progress of his adopted county, and he has contributed to its prosperity in no small degree. He is the father of eight children, three of whom died at a tender