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at the other door and signifying by this inspection that we were all right for Canada. We arrived at Detroit about dark and proceeded immediately to the wharf where a ferry boat the "Britannia," was waiting to take us across the Detroit river to the celebrated Belle Isle. This was our first experience on the water and it was a most delightful one. The grounds, buildings, and illumination of the island were beautiful. After a short stay at this place we again took a ferry and crossed over to Windsor, Canada, where our cars were waiting for us. The depot, built of rough stones, is a very odd building. A long winding stairway leads to the waiting room. Those of the party who were lost at Chicago joined us here.

     ¹⁵ Leaving Windsor about midnight we rode till nearly ten o'clock the next morning. Everyone was astir earlier for we expected to arrive In time to get breakfast. Our train was late, however, and we had only time to take a hasty breakfast at the eating house at the depot.

     Mr. Bishop, our trusty leader, had planned every thing so well that they were ready for us here and breakfast was served very promptly.

     We soon heard the call to assemble and be ready to take the boat to cross the lake on our way to Niagara Falls. We gathered about our leader who took us to the landing and we were soon aboard the "Corona" on our way to see the mighty Niagara.

     ⁵ This trip across Lake Ontario was my first real experience on water. As we left the wharf we heard the great fog horn resound over the lakes in the two tones, high and low "do." At the gateway made by the long piers, was a large dredge at work, biting great mouthfuls of dirt out of the bottom of the lake. We crossed the lake and entered Niagara river.

     ¹⁵ On the American side as we entered the river was old Fort Niagara. It stands on a point which juts out into the lake. La Salle erected a palisaded store-house here in 1678. The fort was destroyed by the Indians, but rebuilt by the French in 1687 and in 1749 was replaced by a stone fort. In 1759 it was taken by the British under Sir William Johnson. After the Revolution, it became an American fort, but was captured by the British in the War of 1812. When peace was declared, the American troops again occupied the fort and are there now.

     ⁵ We arrived at Lewiston at 1:45 p. m. Before taking the trolley cars for Niagara Falls we were plentifully supplied with de-

licious cherries purchased from the small boys who ran about loudly calling their wares.

     ⁵ The ride along the Niagara river was grand and inspiring. Between the high rocky walls of Niagara Gorge the river rushes in torrents for fourteen miles down to Lewiston. The car track lies along a narrow ledge at one side from which we could look down many feet to the river beneath.

     ¹² About half way between Lewiston and Niagara we came to the whirlpool which is at a sharp curve in the river. I had always imagined the water to be rushing around in a circle, with a hole in the centre, something like a funnel, but I found instead, the centre was raised to a height of three feet above the outer surface caused by the water rushing into it.

     A mile above this are the whirlpool rapids; there we saw the mighty power of the water. The river is somewhat narrower here. It has been estimated by Sir Charles Lyell that fifteen hundred million cubic feet of water rush through this narrow space, not more than 100 yards wide, per minute. We are yet two mile's from the Falls but can see them in the distance. Our car is stopped and we watch the foaming gorge. The water is dark green in color, but as wave dashes against wave and it is thrown into the air, it fades to a white and as it recedes, it again resumes the darker color and moves onward only to be dashed against another rock and again thrown into the air.

     A little farther on our car turns to the left and we lose sight of the river and the Falls, but can hear their roar.

     ¹² Soon we reach Niagara Falls City and a few minutes walk brings us to Prospect Point where we are within a few feet from where the water leaps over the precipice. As we lean over the iron railing we can feel the mist on our faces. In the river below us is the "Maid of the Mist," a vessel, which goes to the foot of the Falls, thus affording an excellent view from below. Goat Island, the Canadian Falls, and even the city of Clifton can be seen from here.

      After a while we are on the way to the landing place of the "Maid of the Mist." This could be reached, either by taking an elevator or by walking down a long flight of stairs, 230 in number. We walked down, secured our tickets and were soon on board, each one supplied with a waterproof coat and cap. The view from here was grand. The edge of the precipice over which the water pours is jagged and irregular and this causes the spray to dash out. In some places the rock comes near the surface and can be seen through the clear water. At the foot of the Falls is a huge mass of rock, sometimes' called "Rock of Ages" and back of this is a bridge, which leads to the Cave of the Winds. As we come nearer, the spray and the mist are so

heavy that the water foams on our coats and runs down in little streamlets.

     They took us over to the Canadian side and then we returned. This time we took the elevator and in a few minutes were back at Prospect Point. After this we made a visit to Goat Island and then it was time to go back to the car line. We might have gone over to the Canadian side and gone back by that route but we chose to go back by the American. We again passed the whirlpool and the rapids and finally reached the place where it was again calm.

     ¹² To our left, on the Canadian side, stood Brock's Monument. It is a shaft, which marks the site of Queenstown Height's Battle, fought Oct. 13, 1812, between an American force of 2,500 militia and a regiment of regulars and the British, who were under the command of General Isaac Brock. General Brock lost his life here, while our commander, Colonel Winfield Scott, was captured. Just a little farther and we are on our steamer and on the way back to Toronto, leaving behind the beautiful and wonderful Niagara but taking with us the memory of its magnificence.

     ¹⁸ We reached Toronto in time for a 'rolley ride. The street car system there Is controlled by the city. If more than five persons got into a seat the unlucky sixth or seventh was hustled into another seat or car. The conductor passed a nickel-in-the-slot machine and we dropped our fares into it like we would a contribution basket (only every one was obliged to contribute). As it was dark we didn't see a great deal. We passed Queen's Square which has on the four corners a cathedral, a college, a court house and a jail. People there call it the Salvation, Legislation, Education and Damnation square.

     ¹³ Canada has many great Cathedrals. They are a great church-going people, which probably accounts for their churches. Toronto has many beautiful dwellings. The streets are well kept, and the electrical display in some parts of the town is fine. We left by rail on the Canadian Pacific, in the evening, for Kingston.

     ⁶ When our special train for Kingston, arrived at the Canadian Pacific depot at Toronto a number of strangers were determined to take possession of our cars, although our porter said, "This is a special cah, you can't get on heah." One Jewess lady became very indignant and cried, "Some people make themselves very officious. If I don't reach the Queen's house on time, I shall report you to the manager of the C. P. R." These people wanted to go to Montreal to help celebrate "Dominion Day," the next day.

     ¹³ Our trip from Toronto to Kingston was taken by night, so I can not say much about it, except that the train rocked so much that many of our party were sea-sick, --so to speak. Any one who has ever ridden on the Missouri Pacific can sympathize with us when we say that the Canadian Pacific is similar if not worse. The Otoe county coach was the last one, and we were bumped and jarred from one side of the car to the other every time we made a curve. The train was real long and had two engines, as the one we had broke, and we were joined to the regular train which overtook us and had to stop for local passengers;

     ¹³ We were supposed to be at Kingston at 6:00 in the morning, but arrived there at 6:15. The conductor told us to "step lively" that they had waited 15 minutes on us; --just as if we were to blame.

     ¹⁸ We hurried from the car and walked about one-half block to the wharf where we boarded the large steamer "Kingston." We spent a long time lined up at the purser's window getting our tickets attended to and growing hungrier and fainter each minute. The waiting line at the dining room was long and by the time we had breakfast we felt as though we had earned it. The trip was taken "Dominion Day" and boats and towns were decorated with British flags. At one landing a band played British airs. How the States people did cheer and clap when "The Star Spangled Banner" was begun.

     At one stop a crowd of youngsters were ready and waiting with their caps held out and screaming, "Throw us a nickel." They seemed proficient at the business and very few coins fell on the platform, but when one did there was a wild scramble and the way boys were piled up resembled a foot-ball game.

     The trip down the St. Lawrence and through the Thousand Islands was a pleasant one. There are 1692 islands varying in size from big rocks to several acres and extend from Lake Ontario to Prescott, fifty miles. Many of the islands are owned by wealthy people who use them for summer homes and have built fine residences and have laid out tasteful grounds.

      At Prescott, Ont., passengers transferred from the Kingston to the Rapids King, a flat bottomed steamer built for the express purpose of running the rapids. Near there we saw an old stone lighthouse which was formerly an old windmill where the Battle of Windmill Point was fought in 1837.

     The Rapids of the St. Lawrence were a new feature to most of us. The Long Sioux Rapids are the first of the great rapids, nine miles in length, with a fall of 48 feet. Here waves dash in air as they meet opposition from treacherous reefs or are hurled back to meet

the rushing waters. The vessel suddenly shoots forward, then there is a sudden sinking. One expects the boat to rise again but it does not. Instead it again rushes forward and again the sinking is felt.

     ¹ While nearing Montreal we had the opportunity of seeing an air ship. It was soaring very high above the trees and moved swiftly along. The large Victoria Bridge which spans the St Lawrence River, at Montreal, is built so that it swings open letting the boats pass, then swings back and relocks to let the trains, autos, and passengers pass above the river. We entered Montreal Harbor, Friday evening at 7:30 o'clock.

     ¹⁷ The waters of the St. Lawrence about Kingston are exceedingly placid and as we pass downward the river broadens out many miles until it appears a great inland sea. The islands at first are large and not numerous; they contain farm houses, pastures and give evidences of the dairying industry. A little farther on they become smaller and more numerous until the steamer glides in and out among them in narrow passages until one is enchanted and imagines himself floating among fairy isles. As we approach Alexandria Bay the enchantment grows on one. Islands rising ten, twenty or thirty feet above the water are crowned with beautiful summer residences. At the water's edge is the boat house which reminds one of the garage of a Nebraska farm. The summer residents of these islands have spent fabulous sums in making these homes attractive. Landscape gardeners of the highest ability are employed in transforming these little islands into gardens and bowers. Here may be seen the beautiful summer home of Chas. G. Emery on Calumet Island, and the home of Geo. C. Boldt, probably the finest of them all; the house Is built like an ancient castle, the exterior walls of which are said to have cost more than two million dollars. It will be remembered that Mr. Boldt is the manager of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Here are also the homes of the late George M. Pullman, "Castle Rest," and J. G. Holland's "Bonnie Castle."

     Among these islands ply constantly skiffs, steam launches and yachts gaily decorated and flying flags of many lands. The weather is always fair here. After passing the Thousand Islands the river becomes commonplace, widening and narrowing until we reach the series of rapids, four in number, when interest revives. At Alexandria Bay we were transferred from the steamer "Kingston" to the "Rapids King," a fiat bottomed steamer built for the express purpose of running the rapids. While the water leaped and dashed over the rocks, the passage was much less exciting than I had anticipated; nevertheless, it was full of incident and pleasure. Twice our boat grated upon the rooks, but in the grandeur of the scene, in the presence of the sublime one forgets danger and loses himself in contemplating the wonderful works of God. As a schoolboy I read in my history of the

trials of the early discoverers of the St. Lawrence region, how they waded swamps, crossed streams on rude rafts and drew their boats over the rapids and whirlpools, but I never knew until now what this meant and I am filled with admiration for the perseverance, fortitude and courage of those splendid men who had to do with the beginning of our country. As we approached the city of Montreal some member of our party discovered an air ship circling to and fro like an immense bird, It was my first view of this wonderful invention.

     ¹ Taking the Kingston steamer at 6:10 o'clock Friday morning on the St. Lawrence River we passed through The Thousand Islands which are claimed to be the finest and most picturesque archipelago in the world. They are located at the head of the St. Lawrence River and form Nature's crown for a grand and most scenic river. The Islands are of rocky formation covered with grass. Many of them are very small. A number are quite large and are owned by wealthy people who have built beautiful summer homes on them. We were told there was no marshy or muddy shores, that venemous reptiles and insects are unknown, that as a camping ground this region is unrivalled in America.

     The islands extend down the river from Kingston. Leaving the Islands we sailed along and entered the rapids tossing and foaming about. Some of the larger ones were the Long Sioux Rapids and the Lachine Rapids. These have quite a fall and contain many heavy swells. When the waves dash in the air with great rapidity they are hurled back to meet the force of the rushing water from the steadfast opposition of the treacherous shoals, thus causing the steamer to shoot suddenly forward, then there is a lowering of the boat as if it was sinking and instead of rising, it shoots forward and takes the same motion as before. This experience lasted for some time at different intervals down the river.

     ¹⁷ We had made no provision for hotel accommodations, but Superintendent Bishop arranged with a representative of La Corona Hotel at reasonable rates. We landed near the old portion of the city. The buildings of early architecture, the narrow streets and the French population all excited our curiosity. After passing beyond the French quarter, we took street cars for La Corona. When we arrived at the hotel the proprietor would not accept the agreement of his representative, but Superintendent Bishop, with the tenacity and stick-to-it-iveness for which he is noted, threatened to make trouble for the hotel unless the proprietor fulfilled the contract. When Mr. Bishop began to look for the American consul the hotel people got busy and made provision at satisfactory rates for the party. Mr. Bishop and I were assigned to what the proprietor called the Prince George room. This was the room

in which Prince George was quartered during his stay in Montreal at the time of his American tour. It was a beautiful room finely furnished with immense brass bed with a brass crown suspended over the bead. All had supper at "His Majesty's Cafe."

     Montreal is full of interest. It claims about 600,000 inhabitants Including the suburbs recently annexed. It is situated at the foot of Mt. Royal, a bold headland, on an island about thirty miles long and about ten miles across. This island is formed by the St. Lawrence River on the south and the Ottawa River on the north, the latter river cutting across west of the city with main confluent to the east, As I climbed to the top of Mt. Royal and looked out over the city and surrounding country with the St. Lawrence like a band of silver extending for miles in either direction, I thought how it must have appeared to Cartier who, in 1535, discovered the site of Montreal then occupied by the beautiful little Indian village of Hochelaga. Montreal is an example of a city on American soil under English government and with French population; probably three-fifths of its population being French.

     ⁵ At 10:30 the next morning, July 2, the party started for the French settlement where they partook of a real French breakfast, from the effects of which some of them felt queer for some time afterwards.

     ¹ Having our appetites satisfied by breakfast in the French quarter we returned to the hotel where 80 of our party took old English cabs, having one horse, the old English collar, brass mounted harness, and a driver sitting on a high seat in front and started for a trip through Montreal and up Mount Royal.

     ⁵ Our first visit was to the Bank of Montreal, a large stone structure, on St. James Street. The plans for this building were drawn by Stanford White. It is built In the Grecian style, the entrance being through six immense Corinthian pillars.

     ⁵ The next stop was Dominion Square. We walked around the Maisonneuve Monument in centre of square. This monument had a character on each corner to represent the early settlement of the country. On one corner was an Iroquois Indian in a watching position. Another an early settler Le Moyne, and the next corner was Glosse with a dog and gun watching for enemies. The last corner was Jeanne Mance, binding a child's arm, to represent the family.

     ² From here we went to the great Notre Dame Cathedral built in 1729. We went through the cathedral back into the chapel. This is a beautiful church. The chapel is in the form of a Latin cross. One would never tire of admiring the numerous statues, the elegant galleries, and paintings. We saw the chimes that kept time when Montreal was taken by the English. The chimes are still keeping time. In one of the two towers of this cathedral is a great bell weighing 29,400 pounds.

     ⁵ Our next visit was to the Chateau do Ramezey which was the headquarters of the French governors for many years. This is a long white brick structure built in 1705. It is now used as a museum, containing many valuable documents, old coins, pictures and other relics. One of the rooms, preserved in the original, is furnished in Louis XVI style. In the basement are several large rooms one of which was used as a bakery.

     ⁵ From the Chateau we visited the store of Chas. Desjardens and Cie, the largest fur house in the world. Here we saw a wonderful collection of beautiful furs, rugs and stuffed specimens of every kind. Everyone would have brought home a souvenir, had time and money permitted. *

     ⁵ From here we rode through the beautiful grounds of McGill University, located on the slope of Mount Royal. The buildings are of gray stone, and are surrounded by large trees, well kept parks and drives.

     ⁵ On leaving the University grounds we continued our drive up Mt. Royal to the park. Along this drive are the homes of some of the wealthiest people of Montreal. Not far up the mountain are the large reservoirs for the city water. The water from the St. Lawrence is piped up the mountains this distance, then is piped down to the city. The road around the mountain is up a steady grade, through heavily wooded country, so that the horses had to walk every step of the way.

      ⁵ Mt. Royal is 750 feet high and the park at the top covers 320 acres. In order to preserve this as a select park the women of Montreal met a few years ago and had Parliament pass a law to the effect that no railroad should ever be built upon this mountain. The mountain abounds in bridle paths and toboggan slides, making it as popular a resort in winter as in summer. The keeper of the mountain is

paid $15,000 a year to preserve it in good condition. From the summit we obtained an excellent view of the city, most of the buildings of which are of white Canadian limestone. Here we rested In the pavilion and were served with refreshments. Before leaving we had our pictures taken as we sat in the carriages, then returned to the hotel taking another route through the city.

     ⁵ Our driver was very kind and communicative. Among other things he told us that the people of Montreal could move in the month of May only, a law to this effect having been passed. All those who wish to move must notify the landlord in February, and must select their new homes as soon as possible. During May every available conveyance is put into active service in order to expedite the moving of the inhabitants.

     ⁵ I remarked to the driver that all the carriages and drays I had seen were drawn by one horse. He said this was true everywhere in Montreal, that there was no use in driving two horses when one could serve the purpose. He laughingly made fun of the Americans for their extravagance In this respect.

     ⁵ In the evening the party took the street car to Dominion Park, the pleasure resort of Montreal. On the way out our attention was called to an aeroplane flying several hundred feet above the city. Arriving at the Park we walked along the Midway to the river front where several of the party took a launch and spent a pleasant hour on the St. Lawrence. The rest of us enjoyed the amusements of the park, among which was a realistic reproduction of the earthquake and burning of San Francisco. At about 10 o'clock we returned to the hotel and had a good night's rest in preparation for our long ride the next day.

     ⁵ Our stay In Montreal ended Sunday morning July 3rd, at 9 a. m. when we took the train for Boston.

     ² While we were waiting for our train the next morning we visited the Balaklava Guns, near the St. James Cathedral. These guns were used In the "Charge of the Light Brigade," Immortalized by Tennyson. After visiting the St. James Cathedral, we had to hurry back to the depot, which we made just in time. As the train pulled out we were pleased to find that Dean and Mrs. Fordyce had joined our party, remaining with us during our stay in Boston.

     ¹² At first we intended to stay in Montreal until Sunday evening and make the trip across the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire at night but finally decided to leave on Sunday morning and make the trip by day. The scenery along the road was beautiful. The mountains looked as though they were formed of solid rock, each layer being of a different hue, with the sides covered with evergreens.

     We noticed the absence of large farms. Only patches about the size of a school yard were seen, planted with beans, sweet corn, etc.

     ¹² For several hours the train followed a stream, which was so clear that we could see the rocks and pebbles at the bottom. Rocks of all dimensions were seen along its banks. Flowers of all descriptions were seen and at every stop we tried to get some, but were not always successful..

     ¹⁷ There were two points of special interest on this trip; the first was Lake Memphremogog. As we passed along its margin for many miles Miss Texa Moore repeated Whittier's poem "By Memphremagog's Wooded Shore." The next point of special interest was Lake Winnepesaukee. This is one of the largest lakes of New England. If you can imagine a jumble of mountains with the valleys all practically one depth; then dam up the main outlet forcing the waters back into the valleys, canons and hollows for fifty or sixty miles, you will have a fair idea of this lake whose shores are lined with summer resorts. In my school days in the old country school this lake with the wonderful name was always a curiosity to me, and to my boyish mind was a half mythical place. Lumbering seemed to be the chief industry until we reached the manufacturing centers farther down In New Hampshire.

     ¹² About five o'clock some of our party tried to get the porters to sing a quartette. They were not successful but they did succeed in getting each one to sing a solo. After that we all sang, both sacred and secular songs. At 8:30 we reached Boston.

     ⁶ Mr. Bishop lined us up four abreast and so we marched into historic Boston, and thus, too, we stood our ground. "Ye braves! Ye, Braves!" against the most solicitous and courteous of Boston N. E. A. guides; for our guide had given orders "to stand" and how could we serve two masters, so we chose the better part and remained where he had left us. When he returned we moved upon special cars and were taken to the N. B. A. headquarters.

      ⁶ Arriving at Copley Square, we entered the Old Art Museum and registered, thus receiving the N. E. A. badge which from that time forth identified us as "you teachers."

     ⁶ Securing rooms at the Revere House with little trouble, we were soon fast asleep within a "few minutes walk" of the very "cradle of Liberty."

     ¹⁷ Boston, in an attempt to do away with the dangerous forms of celebration and to establish a more safe and sane program, outdid itself. In the light of her historic setting, Boston is the ideal place to initiate this movement. The program was prepared after much work and thought and was more especially

for the Boston school children. The celebration was to take place in Boston Commons, the public gardens and the surrounding streets. I was anxious to get all I could out of this event and made my way early to the grounds. Facing the street between the Boston Commons and the public gardens was erected the reviewing stand from which President Taft and his party would review the exercises.

     ¹⁷ An immense ampitheater in the public gardens was filled with thousands of Boston school children who sang patriotic songs to the leadership of the band. The procession was noteworthy. First was a parade of soldiers, followed by the regimental band playing national airs. These were followed by the marines in their white uniform with the marine band, and these were followed by floats representing the various historic events in the building of our country. Between these floats came civic societies, companies of Boston school children interspersed with bands of various sorts. Some of the floats of special interest were The Landing of the Mayflower, Plymouth Rock, the Settler's Cabin, the early Indians, the early Governors, the Boston Teaparty, Scenes on the Boston Commons, scenes in the legislative halls, the redcoats, the minute men, the bridge across the Concord, the Boston boys with their sleds interveiwing General Gage, Bunker Hill Monument, the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the old north church, the ride of Paul Revere, Faneuil hall, the old state house; then came floats dedicated to art, science, commerce and agriculture; these were followed by scenes leading to the Civil War; Abraham Lincoln and his emancipation proclamation, freeing of the slaves; this, in turn, was followed by floats representing England, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, China and Japan. It was an imposing scene. Not a firecracker, torpedo or toy pistol was heard; not even the booming of a cannon or an anvil, but the silent and splendid demonstration of the progress of our country through its difficulties unto our highest attainment. How splendid it will be when the cities throughout our country will follow the example of historic Boston in the safe and sane celebration of our natal day,

     ¹⁰ In the afternoon we went to Cambridge, Mass., where Harvard University is located. It is about a half-hour ride from Boston to Cambridge.

     ¹⁰ The meeting of the N. E. A. were held at various places in the city but as President Taft was the main speaker of the day, this general meeting was held at the Stadium. The Stadium is made of concrete, Is a horseshoe shape and without roof. In this place the Harvard students have their various athletic games. Its seating capacity is sixty thousand.

     ¹¹ The University grounds will sometime be surrounded by an iron fence. It is partly fenced now from donations by the different classes that have graduated. The fence is built in sections, each section is about 26 feet long and. 12 feet high; in the center of the

section is a circle and in it is inscribed the class which donated it.

     ¹⁰ We were fortunate in getting seats near the speakers. thus had a good view of them, and were out of the sun's rays.

     ¹⁰ The program was as follows:

     Song--America.

     Invocation--By Paul Revere Frothingham.

     Address of Welcome by Eben Sumner Draper, Governor of Mass.

     Address of Welcome by John Francis Fitzgerald, Mayor of Boston.

     Introduction by Pres. Lowell.

     Response to Addresses of Welcome by Francis G. Blair, Supt. of Public Instruction of Illinois.

     Response by Wm. Walton Kitchin, Governor of North Carolina.

     Song--To Thee O Country.

     Address by David Starr Jordan, Pres. of Stanford Uni. Cal.

     Song--The Star Spangled Banner.

     Benediction.

     ¹⁰ President Taft started his speech by saying "I am delighted,"--then the people laughed and cheered, and he said, "You see Roosevelt's policies are being carried out."

     ¹⁰ Music was rendered by the chorus of the Handel and Hayden society, Emil Mollenhauer, conductor, and Stewart's Military Band accompanied.

     ⁵ After the session a meeting of the active N. E. A. members, was held by states, to nominate a representative for the nominating committee. Superintendent Bishop called the meeting to order in front of the big pillars at the rear of the grandstand where the "Nebraska" sign had been placed. Superintendent W, M. Davidson, of Omaha, was chosen to represent Nebraska on the nominating committee.

     ⁵ On leaving the Stadium we had the privilege of inspecting an aeroplane in a field nearby. It was on exhibition, but unable to fly that afternoon on account of the unfavorable wind.

     ⁵ The party then walked over to Cambridge Commons. In the roadway just west of the Commons stands the old Washington Elm, in front of which is a tablet stating the historic fact that under this tree Washington first took command of the American army. Tourists have mutilated the tree to such an extent that one side of it is hollowed out. This has now been covered with tar, and a tall iron fence has been put up around the tree.

      ⁵ Returning toward the College we passed Christ's Church built in 1760. Washington worshipped here. Adjoining the church is an old burying ground which dates from 1636. Near the fence is a milestone bearing the inscription "Boston, 8 miles, 1734."

     ⁵ We then visited the Longfellow house, and walked through the beautiful gardens surrounding it. The building is one of the ordinary

colonial mansions, built about 1759. It is now occupied by Longfellow's daughter, Miss Alice Longfellow.

     ⁵ A few blocks beyond is the Lowell house where Jas. Russell Lowell was born and where he always made his home. We then walked over through the park skirting the Charles River and some of us took the car back to the city, others went to see the fireworks which were a part of the Fourth of July celebration.

     ¹² Cambridge is on the opposite side of the Charles River from Boston and it was on this river that the fireworks were to take place where they could be viewed by both Boston and Cambridge, but the view from Cambridge was the better, so we stayed there. About 7:31 the people began to assemble and after a great deal of difficulty we came near enough to see. In the distance a little to our left we could see the State House, with its tower illuminated with electric lights, and as we looked up the river to our left we could see the bridge upon which Longfellow stood when he wrote the poem, "I stood on the bridge at midnight." After waiting an hour it was at last dark enough to begin the fireworks, which were as you see them in all cities. A few of them were somewhat new. They had one which showed Taft's picture, another the Boston Tea Party, and an announcement of the World's Fair in 1915. It was indeed a pretty sight to see the red, the green, the blue and the yellow reflected across the river and to see it flicker and dance with the waves.

     ² We who went back to Boston after seeing Washington's Elm went in the evening to the wharf to see the battleships illuminated. This proved a failure so we soon started back. In the morning our leader, Supt. Bishop, had expressed his wish that we all get lost sometime while in Boston which was a very easy thing to do as there are few real corners to turn, and the streets run all ways. If one asked which way he should go they would say--so many minutes walk this way or that way, turn to your --right or left and take a second street. Well,. we were following our leader, and we walked and walked, finally we realized we were lost Instead of taking it seriously we thought it a good joke, and forget for a time that we were tired. Meeting a man, we asked our way. He very kindly offered to show us the way, and we followed him. He took us through the edge of the slums of Boston. We passed the Old North Church, where the lanterns were hung on April 19, 1775, Faneuil Hall and the Old State House. We stood on the spot where the first blood of the Revolution was shed in the Boston Massacre in 1770. We saw Paul Revere's house. Some of us used the old knocker.

     ² When we returned to the hotel, we were glad we got lost, as our trip proved to be very profitable.

     ¹ Taking a car for Boston sight-seeing, we passed over the same road that we weary pedestrians traveled the evening before. We passed Castle Square; the large Youths' Companion building; large brick building where the Boston Tea Party started; Site of J. Q. Adams's residence, now one of the most noted hotels of Boston; Adams house where the first stage coach started; George Marks store, the largest in the New England states; the Old South Church; birth places of Benjamin Franklin, and Robert Crane, signers of the Declaration of Independence; the Boston Post Office, a large granite building, housing the U. S. Court, the Light House Board, and Signal Service Department; the Old State House; the place where the first blood was shed in the Boston Massacre is marked by a stone upon which we all stood the night of July 4; Fanueil Hall; Statue of J. Q. Adams; The Charlestown Bridge on which Paul Revere started to make his ride connects Boston and Charlestown; the Old North Church; Bunker Hill Monument; Charlestown Neck, where the Americans marched on their way to Bunker Frill; Somerville Street which was a narrow path when Paul Revere went when he turned to go to Lexington; Powder House of the Revolutionary War; Poor Farm of Somerville; Coopers Tavern, where the soldiers stayed; Craig's Bridge where Longfellow stood and thought out the poem of The Bridge.

     On the afternoon of July 5th, we visited the Navy Yards at Charlestown. Among the battleships at anchor were the "Vermont," "Missouri," "New Jersey" and the "North Dakota," which at present is our largest ship. It was built at Fall River at a cost of $10,000,000, is 550 feet long and weighs 21,000 tons. The cannon balls ready for use weigh 870 pounds, It has a crew of 900 men whose salaries range from $21 to $100 per month. This vessel was taken from Fall River to Boston to be completed. We have since heard that tons and tons of defective iron were used in its construction, and have been condemned by the government. The battleship "Florida" now under construction Is larger than the "North Dakota."

     ⁵ We also visited the "Constitution," "Old lronsides" which is now over one hundred years old. It is armed with one hundred large cannons. On account of leakage, about 32 Inches of water has to be pumped out of it every two weeks.

     ¹⁶ There was but one way to get to the top of the monument and that was to climb, so we started up and we kept going and going up and up until we reached' the top. We found we had climbed 294 steps and we doubted not for we felt we had climbed much farther.

     We had a beautiful view from the monument. Seven cities could be seen.

     ⁶ The Catholic Literary Union across from the square served the party to red raspberry frappe, lady fingers and macaroons, which were especially enjoyed by the climbers.

     ⁶ This building is one of the notable architectural monuments of the day. It is built of pinkish white granite in classic design, 225 feet long, 227 feet wide. The entrance is through embellished bronze doors designed by Daniel C. French. In the vestibule is a bronze statue of Sir. Henry Vane. At the first landing of the marble stairway are two great marble lions by St. Gaudens. The mural decorations of the stairway and corridor above are by Puvis de Chavannes. The decorations of the delivery room are by Edwin Abby and illustrate the legend of the Holy Grail. On the walls of the corridor of the upper floor are the famous "Prophets" by John Sargeant.

     ⁵ July 6, at 9 a. m., we started on our trip to Lexington and Concord. At Lexington we were halted at every turn before tablets, statues and memorials of many kinds. We passed the Buckman Tavern, the rendevous (sic) of the Minute Men, the night before the battle, and walked over the village green where the battle was fought. A large boulder marks the spot where stood the belfry from which the bell called the countrymen to arms. The belfry now stands on Belfry Hill near the Hancock school building.

     ⁵ Turning up Hancock Street we were soon in front of the Hancock-Clarke House. Here John Hancock and Samuel Adams were sleeping when aroused by Paul Revere on the night of April 19, 1775. This building is now used as a museum of Revolutionary relies. We then passed on to "Ye Old Burying Ground 1690." Here are the tombs of John Hancock, grandfather of Governor Hancock, Jonas Clarke, Captain Parker and Governor Eustis.

     ⁶ One of the largest elms in New England was being hewn down, so we took some of the chips as souvenirs. It is said that the father of Harrington, the last survivor of the Battle of Lexington, drove an ox team to Salem and on the way back pulled up an elm shoot to brush the flies off the oxen. When he returned home he set it out, and this was the elm that had grown from it.

     ⁶ Preferring to use our Boston guide book, rather than pay a boy leader, we started out two by two by ourselves. While crossing the Lexington Green our attention was called to a small crowd of boys

who had gathered there and who were talking and gesticulating excitedly at a Nebraska party gathered around the old stone monument. They were heard to say, "You folks from Nebraska act like you owned this green and knew all about it." They had demanded a quarter apiece from the party and were disappointed.

     ⁶ Just across a great, green hollow we came upon the grave of Thoreau, and very near to the left a hedge inclosure within which was a small simple stone with the one word "Hawthorne" graven upon it, and also a sign board at one end of the plot with these words upon it, "Pluck no flowers or leaves from this place, out of respect for the living if not for the dead." Just opposite this on the other side of the path, a tall simple stone of Louise M. Alcott, and a few steps on down the path, the grave of Emerson, under the pine which he chose long before his death to sentinel his burial spot. The stone is a large boulder of rough, pink, quartz marble, and upon it is a plate inscribed with these words:

"The Passive Master lent his hand,
To the vast soul that o'er him planned."

     ¹² Just to the left of Emerson, a simple white slab with a frieze on the face of lilies of the valley, and the words, "Lidian, wife of Ralph Waldo Emerson born close by Plymouth Rock which she loved to remember.

     ⁵ Arrived at the town, we were beset with cab, carriage and automobile drivers. But as no one vehicle was large enough to accommodate the entire party, some of us decided to "do" Concord on foot. In our efforts to go in the right direction some of us went about a mile in the wrong direction, and had to retrace our steps, being rescued by two small girls who kindly guided us the rest of the way.

     ⁵ Our walk took us up Monument street, shaded by tall elm trees, past the old Colonial Hotel, and up the road to the Old North Bridge, where the British troops met the Minute Men, who fired "the shot heard round the world." A bronze statue of a Minute Man stands on the opposite side of the river at the point where the Americans made the attack. On this side of the bridge is Battle Monument erected 1836, and on the fence near by is a simple inscription 'marking the graves of unknown British soldiers killed on the spot.

     ⁵ Back from the road leading to the North Bridge is the "Old Manse," where Emerson wrote "Nature," and where Hawthorne lived for a time. Walking back to town the party took

the Lexington road along which is the Wright Tavern built 1747. This was Major Pitcairn's headquarters on the day of the battle. Just beyond the Tavern stands the Unitarian Church, in which the First Provincial Congress of delegates from towns of Massachusetts was held Oct. 11, 1774, with John Hancock as President. Farther up the road are the homes of Emerson, Hawthorne and the Alcotts, also the School of Philosophy founded by Bronson Alcott. After retracing our steps along Lexington street we took the car for Boston.

     ¹³ After supper we went to the Christian Science church. We went through the building, which is the largest Christian Science church in the world. The great pipe organ reaches entirely across the building. The ground floor is used for socials and the second floor is used as the auditorium, which seats 5,000 people. The church is 220 feet high, with a magnificent dome. It has a melodious chimes of bells, which are frequently rung.

     ¹³ After our visit to the church we went to the Brunswick Hotel where the teachers' club held a reception for Mrs. Young, who later was elected president of the N. E. A.

     ³ On the evening of July 6, we had the pleasure of hearing the closing concert of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, given by 55 of its members at Symphony Hall. The hall itself is a beautiful structure and may well be called "Boston's Pride." The orchestra was directed by the famous Gustav Strube and Charles Anthony, the pianist, who appeared once on the program and was enthusiastically received. The acoustic properties of the building are said to be perfect and the twice-a-week concerts given during the winter season are attended by the most critical musicians of this and other countries.

     ⁵ Thursday morning July 7, was spent in the Museum of Fine Arts. This building is of white stone built in classic style. The main floor is occupied by the galleries of five departments--Pictures, Egyptian Art, Classical Art, Western Art, Chinese and Japanese Art--and the Library. All the paintings in the galleries are originals. Among them are S'Hermittes "Last Supper," Turner's "Slave Ship," Brush's "Madonna," Van Dyke's "Charles I and Henrietta Marl," Rembrandt's "Danae" and several paintings by Velazquez.

     ¹⁷ Of my visit to historic places, the one to the Old Granary Burying Ground was the most impressive. It was there one stood among

the early governors of the colony, the early judges, the early ministers and the patriots of whom we have long read. How interesting it is.  I stood by the ivy-covered boulder which marks the resting place of James Otis, and thought of his patriotic speeches in behalf of freedom. I stood by the graves of the first martyrs of the Revolution; it was a hallowed spot. I looked upon the simple tomb of Paul Revere and repeated the "Midnight Ride;" I stood at the headstones marking the graves of Samuel Adams and John Hancock and recalled the constitution of our country. In one corner was the grave of Hester Prynne of Hawthorne's "Scarlet Letter" fame. On a headstone in another quarter we read the name of Elizabeth Vergoose, fabled to be the original Mother Goose. Near the center of the burying ground was an obelisk marking the grave of the parents of Benjamin Franklin, the epitaph on this stone should be read by every person who is compelled to struggle for a living and to work out his ambitions under difficulties:

Josiah Franklin

and

Abiah his wife,

lie here interred

They lived lovingly together in wedlock fifty-five years.

Without any estate or any gainful employment,

By constant labor and industry,

With God's blessing

They maintaned (sic) a large family

comfortably,

And brought up thirteen children and seven grandchildren

reputably.

From this instance reader,

Be encouraged to diligence in thy calling,

And distrust not Providence.

He was a pious and prudent man;

She, a discreet and virtuous woman.

Their youngest son,

In filial regard to their memory

Places this stone.

     ¹⁸ We visited King's Chapel which stands on the site selected for the first church of England during the early days. The present building was erected in 1749 to take the place of the one destroyed the year before. On the front wall hung framed copies of the Lord's Prayer and Apostle's Creed, and busts of Peabody Freeman and other ministers of the church were scattered in the building. The boxes which looked like little stalls had cushioned seats on all sides and looked like they would be comfortable napping places. As was customary in

olden times, the grave yard is by the church. In it are the graves of the first governor of Massachusetts, buried In 1630, and of Mary Winthrop, who was a Mayflower passenger. The common Inscription on the crumbled slabs was: "Here lies buried . . . . which departed . . . . "  The oldest grave is 252 years old and is the grave of Wm. Paddy. The inscriptions on some of the stones were so worn the words could not be read.

     ¹³ July 7, a party of ten went to Harvard to see the large collection of glass flowers and meteorites. The glass flowers were made in Germany by Leopald Blaschka, and his son Rudolph is still making them. They are perfect in appearance. Leopald Blaschka first made them. At his death he handed the secret to his son, who is the only one that can now make such representations of flowers. From there we went to the Art Museum where we saw the statue of John Harvard, in the Delta, formerly the college playground.

     ⁵ The reception for Nebraskans was held at Nebraska headquarters in the Brunswick Hotel, Thursday evening, July 7th.

     ⁵ Among the guests was Miss Emma C. Sickels, Secretary of the National Domestic Science Association. As secretary of this association it is her object to organize the Domestic Science departments all over the United States. She has asked at Washington for the establishment of such a bureau and for an appropriation for its support.

     ⁵ An ardent worker along industrial lines, she is very anxious that Nebraska should be one of the beneficiaries. With the organization of such a bureau the work of all isolated institutions could be systematized and brought under one head.

     ⁵ The efforts of Miss Sickels to establish such a system has grown out of her work among the Indians of Nebraska where she was the first to see the value of industrial training in raising the intellectual standard among the Redmen.

     ⁵ Miss Sickels entertained the party with a recital of her experiences in Nebraska telling us of the part she took in the Indian uprising of 1885 and 1890.

     In 1884 a band of six ladles, of 'which she was a member, left Chicago, for Valentine, Nebraska. to organize the Government Industrial Boarding School among the Sioux Indians. They were the most indolent and at the same time the most ferocious of the Indians in the northwest.

     ⁵ The Indian reservation was located 25 miles north of Rushvllle, where a piece of land 5 miles square had been set apart for them.

     ⁵ As superintendent of the school; Miss Sickels was met at Valen-

tine by Mr. McGillycuddy, the agent of the reservation and was given every accommodation which the government could provide. On the 3rd night there was such a severe blizzard they were compelled to break up camp and set out for Pine Ridge. Here she opened the Industrial School with 80 pupils, 40 boys and 40 girls. Within three months they had over 100 pupils. These children were excellent material to work on as they had to be taught from the very beginning.

     ⁵ They had never spoken the English language, had never seen a school house, a book or a pencil. The first day at school they were surprised to find that a black pencil could make a white mark on a slate. With their books held upside down they were introduced to the world of English letters.

     ⁵ As a preliminary to their school work they were all given a bath, then turned over to the matron who gave each one an English name which was written on paper and pinned to his clothing. The pupils would then go about asking each one his name and pronouncing it until he could say it correctly. In this manner they soon learned their new names.

     ⁵ The hardest things which the supervisors had to do was to cut the girls' hair. All revolted against such treatment as it was considered a sign of disgrace and of death to have one's hair cut. It was laughable to have the parents come to the school and not be able to identify their own children who had been transformed in dress and looks.

     5 In school work was the order of the day. The pupils did everything from the cooking of the meals to the building of the houses, the work bring alloted according to the strength of the individual.

     ⁵ The real cause of the uprising of the Indians in 1884 may not be generally known but according to Miss Sickels story it was due to the fact that Rose, the daughter of Red Cloud was compelled to make bread against her will in this school. Red Cloud was the chief of the Indians but was very unpopular among them. If they had had their way he would have been killed long before this. As It was he relied upon the white man for protection.

     ⁵ As mentioned above, the making of bread was alloted to Rose but to this she objected strenuously. One day after refusing to do her work she was ordered by Miss Sickels to go back to her baking; she obeyed reluctantly but later sent for her father. In order to settle the dispute as to whether or not Rose was able to perform this work she was taken to the agency physician who decided that Rose had consumption. It was plain that the physician had been influenced by fear of Red Cloud in making his diagnosis. Nevertheless, Red Cloud had gotten "heart-bad" toward the white man. "Heart-bad" being interpreted means, "I have nothing to do with you."

     ⁵ He therefore called a council of all the Indian nations and sit

of the leading Sioux chiefs were appointed to investigate the school. They however were so favorably impressed with what they saw that they immeditely (sic) sent more pupils there to be trained.

     ⁵ Red Cloud was angered at their decision and as a last resort sent for Little Chief, the noted Captain of the Cheyenne's to come to his aid.

      ⁵ Little Chief had during this time been stationed in Indian Territory with the promise that he might return home soon. But becoming restless, he, with 2,000 followers, had unceremoniously left their quarters and started north; he was followed and attacked by the soldiers stationed at the reservation but managed to escape without the loss of a man. This was considered a very great victory for him and being of a fighting disposition he was willing to take up the cause of Red Cloud when he heard of his trouble.

     ⁵ The first thing Red Cloud did was to take all of his children out of school, then he, with Little Chief, planned the mode of attack. They would first kill the superintendent, (Miss Sickels), and then burn the school building.

     ⁵ Fearing an attack from the Indians Dr. McGillycuddy had the school guarded day and night. The signal for the attack on the school was set for the time when the Indians came for their rations. All that day the inmates of the school saw the signals flashed from one ridge to another by means of mirrors, so knew that danger was near at hand.

     ⁵ Little Wound was the real leader of the Cheyenne's; he was a brave young fellow more honorable than any other of his tribe and he it was who brought the Indians in for their rations.

     When the Cheyennes reached the school house and saw it guarded by mounted soldiers each bearing a loaded gun they were cowed and decided to make no further attack. If they did not make an attack this was to be a sign for the rest to surrender. Little Wound as a sign of his friendliness brought nine children to the school the next day. He also "threw away the white horse," that is, he turned loose a white horse which was decorated with the most elaborate trappings. This was a sign of his peaceful attitude toward the white men. Thus was the uprising of 1884 caused because Rose had to bake bread-came to a peaceful close.

     ⁵ Shortly after this, Miss Sickels broke down because of overwork and had to leave Pine Ridge. On account of a severe snow storm she was unable to go farther than Chadron. Here she and her five lady companions were met by 50 cowboys, the leader of whom was Jim Murry, the present mayor of Omaha, now known as James Dahlman, who gave them a hearty welcome and asked Miss Sickels to remain with them and be their notary public. As a gift of welcome the cowboys brought a barrel of apples and a large box of candy. This, together with ginger bread and coffee constituted their feast. From Chadron she and her party went to Chicago, where she was given the privilege

of experimenting along industrial and pedagogical lines.

     ⁵ While in Chicago she learned that the Indians had held a council and wanted her to return. She was also pleased to hear that the government ranked the school at Pine Ridge as a model institution.

     ⁵ From industrial work among the Indians Miss Sickels next turned to domestic science among the white children. She had gone to New York to take up that line of work when she heard of the great Indian outbreak at Wounded Knee. Reports from all the agencies from Montana to Indian Territory said that the Indians had the "Messiah Craze;" that the Messiah had come and would make a last stand with them against the white man.

     ⁵ The hostility against the whites was caused by the corrupt administration at that time. Mildewed hard tack, and diseased cattle had been issued to them. This together with failure of crops, loss of ponies and the disease that broke out among them caused great irritation.

     ⁵ The Indians would congregate in large numbers and go through the ghost dance, chanting the following words: "My father come back," 'My mother come back." Thus they would keep on for 36 hours at a time until they went into a trance. In this state they would have visions and believed if they kept this performance up long enough they would bring back their ancestors who would help them destroy the white men by an earthquake. This method was used by the designing leaders, among whom was Red Cloud, to bring about a conflict between the Indians and the white men.

     ⁵ All Washington was stirred up over this uprising and the attention of a session of the cabinet was devoted entirely to it. Miss Sickels went to Washington and was instructed to take messages to the Indians and bring about peace.

     ⁵ When Miss Sickels arrived at Pine Ridge they were afraid to let her go to Little Wound's camp, but finally she started out, with several guides, to find him, knowing that he was friendly towards the whites. On arriving at his camp he told her his story saying that the white men thought he was the cause of the trouble when in reality it was Red Cloud who had stirred up the Indians.

     ⁵ That night word was sent to Little Wound that Miss Sickels was a spy and that he should beware of her. On her next visit to the camp she was met by Indians armed with knives and guns ready to kill her on the least provocation. She was unprepared for this greeting as she did not know of the report sent out about her. She managed to quiet them, promising to publish their grievances in the paper, She also arranged for a meeting between Little Wound and the government officials at Pine Ridge agency.

     ⁵ At the agency there were 2,000 hostile Indians under the influence of Red Cloud and only 300 soldiers. When Little Wound ar-

rived, Red Cloud urged him to join with the Indians there, destroy the school and capture Pine Ridge but he would not consent to it.

     The remainder of the story is in Miss Sickel's own language:

     "The War records show that at the time I went out to Little Wound's camps, (who was at that time represented as the leader of hostilities) four thousand soldiers had already been sent to attack the Brules entrenched in the Bad Lands; that each town on the frontier was in terror for fear of being the object of attack of the 1,200 Brules; ranches were deserted, and all who could leave had taken the crowded trains for the East. The War records also show that the extensive preparation and thorough equipment with arms and ammunition were from Montana to the Indian Territory.

      "Later, when Little Wound had brought these Brules peaceably from the Bad Lands on the day of the Wounded Knee "Massacre," these Indians fled, taking Little Wound prisoner as a hostage, saying, 'They were safe in the Bad Lands, and he had brought them to danger and must remain with them to share whatever they had. Red Cloud took advantage of this, telling General Brooks and General Miles some new story each day of the preparation for hostilities from this band, whose numbers were increased by terrified Indians and by Red Cloud's men who were urging them to hostility, while he, Red Cloud, at the same time was urging the soldiers to attack, so that at this time there were four thousand in Cedar Creek and the whole six thousand soldiers had been sent out in detachments to form a cordon around them and attack them unless they surrendered and came into the Agency. It was at this crisis that I, who had gone to Rapid City to report to General Miles on the previous Saturday, when everything promised successful peace, (but was frustrated by General Brooks) was determined to go back to Pine Ridge and report to General Miles.

     "The War records show that he had already at the time of my coming, sent the order to his men to, attack the Indians at Cedar Butte within 48 hours, unless they had surrendered. I could find no one who could take me over the road until I met Capt. James Cook, Chief of Nebraska scouts, sent by Governor Thayer. He had known me while I was superintendent of the school, and with his finger on the trigger of his gun all the way, he drove me over the thirty miles between Rushville and Pine Ridge. I at once went to General Miles and reported my knowledge of the situation, namely: that the real enemies were the 1,200 Indians at the Agency, who only awaited this attack upon the soldiers, to themselves make the attack upon the undefended Agency, where they now had the additional advantage of having the commander in their power. There were at that time about 600 soldiers at the Agency and no earthworks or defenses between these hostilities and the Agency. General Miles would not at first credit my information, but I confirmed it by such evidence, that within half an hour, he had sent orders to the different detachments, changing the entire plan of campaign. He had earthworks thrown up at once between himself and the hostilities, and tripled the number of pickets.

     "I introduced to him, Yellow Hair, who was Little Wound's most trusted lieutenant, and told General Miles that I was sure that any message which he gave to Yellow Hair would correctly reach Little Wound. In my presence General Miles sent a message of peace to Little Wound, urging him to come in to a conference. Daily the friendly Indians brought to me reports of all movements which I in turn reported to General Miles, until peace was restored without any further bloodshed."

     ⁶ About half past five Friday morning there was a tapping at our door and a voice that said, "Do you want to go to the market?" Of course we did and all the others he had so thoughtfully aroused from their morning slumber. The farmers, the evening before and all that night, had arrived with their produce in wagons, carts, boxes, etc., and were lined up against the curbing of the long granite Quincy Market House, ready to sell their truck the moment the clock struck six. A busy sight indeed as one passes down the long street, full of all kinds of vegetables, fruit, fish, etc. We passed within the Market House, 535 feet by 50 feet with 132 stalls on either side of a grand corridor 'through the entire length of the building. Just above this floor were found the stock quotations from all the large cities., and also a map showing the weather indications every morning all over the United States. Nebraska had five or more cities from which reports were secured. Eight streets lead out from this one center of industry.

     ⁶ Because of the dampness only a few went to the Fish Wharf, where the fishing vessels were anchored on three sides of the pier. They, too, were in readiness to send up their fish the moment the bell sounded seven o'clock. The fish carts were backed close to the edge of the pier to receive the baskets of fish sent up from the vessels, then the carts were emptied with a pitchfork into another basket on the wharf, and thus they were marketed.

      Several vessels were stocked with sword fish, the first one sent up was weighed and tipped the scales at 203 pounds. The owner of the vessel said he had been out three weeks, 175 miles from Boston, in the open sea and had caught 120 sword fish which averaged over 200 pounds apiece, selling at the wharf at 15c per lb. Thus you can estimate how much he had made in his boat named "Ina Reed." These fish have a long sword like process which extends from their snout. They obtain their food by spearing other fishes with these and sometimes pierce boats with it. The fisherman said they were a difficult catch, having to harpoon and then bleed them, before they could be landed. We brought back some of the swords, which the fisherman sailor boys kindly sawed from the heads of the sword fish.

     ⁶ Faneuil Hall was not open on our return, but the janitor let us see the lower floor where, back of the platform, was hung the historical painting of "Webster's Reply to Hayne" a canvass about 30 by 15

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© 2003 for the NEGenWeb Project by Ted & Carole Miller