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     "Prof. J. A. Smith offered a resolution endorsing the compulsory educational bill pending in the legislature. This was carried, and Prof. W. W. W. Johns and Prof. C. F. Chamberlain were appointed a special committee to bring the matter before the law makers."

     Appointment of committee on N. E. A. and nominations.

     The regular program was then opened by a paper on "Drawing" by Miss Fannie M. Wood of Omaha. The discussion of the whole subject of manual training was opened by A. M. Bumann, director of industrial education, Omaha.

     The question of "Teachers' Institutes" was introduced by Supt. A. K. Goudy of Pawnee City, and the discussion led by Supt. C. A. Manville of Holt county.
85--State Supt

     "The association took up the report of the committee on revision of the constitution and discussed it carefully. The deliberations on this subject were suspended on the appearance of His Excellency, Governor Thayer, who addressed the teachers briefly and pointedly. The constitution was again taken up. and after thorough discussion was adopted in the following form:

     Article I. This association shall be styled as the Nebraska State Teachers' Association.

     Article II. The officers of the association shall consist of a president, one vice-president from each section of the association, a secretary, a treasurer, and an executive committee consisting of the president of the association and two persons from each section.

     Article III. It shall be the duty of the president to preside at the sessions of the association, and to deliver an address at the annual meeting. After one year's service he shall not be eligible to reelection until the expiration of three years. In case of the absence of the president, or of a vacancy through death, removal, resignation, or any other cause the senior vice president shall perform the duties of the president.

     Article IV. It shall be the duty of the secretary to keep a full record of all the proceedings of the association, including the papers read, or abstracts therefrom. important discussions; all motions and resolutions; elections and appointments; to notify all persons Concerned of any act of the association; and at the end of his term of service to turn over to his successor the completed record, and all papers belonging to the association. He shall also make out each year a correct roll of the membership of the association.
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     Article V. It shall he the duty of the treasurer to receive all funds belonging to the association, and pay out the same only on orders from the chairman of the executive committee. He shall keep a faithful account of all moneys received and expended, and report the condition of the finances when called upon to do so at any regular meeting of the association.

     Article VI. The executive committee shall carry into effect all orders and resolutions of the association, and shall devise and put into operation all other measures not inconsistent with the object of this association, as it shall deem best. It shall fix the time and place for holding all regular meetings of the association, and shall appoint an annual meeting each year, secure speakers, and arrange business to come before the association. It shall keep a full record of its proceedings and present an annual report of the same to the association.

     Article VII. The executive committee shall hold its first meeting as soon after election as practicable, and elect a chairman from their own number. Four members of said committee shall constitute a quorum for business. The president of the association shall be exofficio a member of the executive committee, and shall call them together for their first meeting.

     Article VIII. The funds of this association shall consist of fees for membership and contributions, and shall be expended under the direction of the executive committee, through its chairman.

     Article IX. Any teacher or active friend of education may become an annual member of this association by paying to the treasurer the sum of one dollar, and having his name enrolled by the secretary. Upon the payment of five dollars, any such person may become a life member.

      Article X. This association shall include three sections to. be styled:

     1. The county superintendents' section.

     2. The college section.

     3. The public school section to include common, graded and academic.

     The sections shall meet in at least one session at the annual meeting of the association.

     Article XI, Each section shall annually elect a chairman and a secretary, who in addition to discharging the usual duties of such officers shall act as an executive committee for the section. The chairman of each section shall be a vice-president of the association.

     Article XII. Each section shall elect annually from their own number one member of the executive committee of the association, who shall hold such office for two years. Such election shall be reported to the association.

     Article XIII. The election of the president, secretary and treasurer of the association shall take place annually in open session and

at such time as shall be fixed by the executive committee, and announced in the program. Said election shall be by ballot.

     Article XIV. This association shall have power at any regular meeting to make any by-law, providing it is not in conflict with the constitution.

     Article XV. This constitution may be altered or amended by a majority of the members present at any of the regular meetings of this association, notice of such contemplated change- having been given the day preceding.

     The treasurer's report showed total receipts amounting to $365.80, including $140 from members for the year 1887; disbursements $180.60, leaving a cash balance of $185.20. The treasurer's report for the following year showed $22 received in 1887 after report was made. This would indicate that 162 persons paid the annual fee of one dollar in 1887 and were members of the association that year.

     The election of officers resulted as follows: Geo. L. Farnham of the state normal school, president; vice presidents, the presidents of the various sections; Miss M. Baker of Seward, secretary; H. N. Blake of Beatrice, treasurer.

     Executive committee--Members, proposed by the various sections.

     It was moved and carried "that in view of the long and faithful efforts of Prof. Blake as treasurer of the association, he be made a life member of the association and the membership fee in the case be remitted."

     The following report on the joint committee on institutes for 1887 was adopted:

     "1. That a manual and guide be prepared for the use of superintendents and instructors in institutes.

     "2. That this manual and guide be arranged and published by the state superintendent, in such quantities as would in his judgment supply the demand.

     "3. That said manual should contain matter concerning branches included in second grade certificates and be devoted largely to theory, practice and methods of instruction."

     "The regular program of the afternoon was then begun with a paper on 'The Standing of the Normal School Graduate in the Teacher's Profession,' by Prof. J. H. Miller of Campbell Normal University, Kansas." Principal J. B. Monlux of Hastings next presented his views on "The Relation of High Schools to Colleges." The discussion on these papers was led by Supt. J. A. Smith of Tekamah.

     At the general evening session Thursday evening the following important resolutions were adopted:

     "Resolved: That we believe in the necessity and in the practicability of systematic work in the country and village schools, and

heartily endorse the efforts now being made toward grading this class of schools.

     "Resolved, That the time has arrived when manual training, as a basis for correct thinking, should constitute a part of the regular work in our high schools, colleges and universities, and that the same should be introduced as soon as practicable.

     "Resolved, That we favor a compulsory education law, and hereby, in accordance with our act this morning, memorialize the Nebraska legislature now in session to pass the bill now under consideration looking to that end.

     "Resolved, That we endorse the work of the 'trustees of the Nebraska reading circle, insomuch as we have become acquainted with that work, but regret that no report of their work was called for at this meeting."

     The remainder of the evening was devoted to a number of brief addresses, the following participating: President Perry of Doane College, ex-State Superintendent W. W. W. Jones, Prof. Nicholson of York College, Chancellor Manatt of the state university, Prof. Andrews of Hastings, and Prof. James of Omaha.

Fremont, Nebraska, March 27-29, 1888.

     Meeting called to order at 8:30 p. m. by Supt. James of Omaha. Devotional exercises. Report of chairman of executive committee. Appointment of committees on resolutions, president's address, auditing accounts, nominations.

     President George L. Farnham then delivered the annual address, his subject being "Are Our Public Schools in Harmony with Present Social Conditions?"

     A committee on nomination was then appointed, consisting of three from each section.

     The evening closed with the president's reception.

     After the usual opening exercises, a committee was appointed to canvass the house for members.

     Superintendent G. W. Crozier of Fullerton not being present to read his paper on "How to Simplify the Work of the Public Schools," the subject was discussed by James B. Bruner of Omaha and P. W. Grinsted of Norfolk.

     Prof. Bennett of Lincoln read a paper on "The Work of the Grammar School," which was discussed by M. Thrasher of Edgar. Superintendent Greenwood of Kansas City was called for and responded by giving his opinion on the subject.

     The election of officers resulted as follows: Prof. C. E. Bessey, Lincoln, president; Miss Emma Hart, Atkinson, secretary; H. N. Blake, Beatrice, treasurer.

     "Superintendent Smith announced that there were thirty-five schools represented in the exhibits found in the church and high school building."

     "Institue (sic) Work for the Coming Summer," Hon. George B. Lane, Lincoln.

     "Should There Be a Uniform System of Text Books in the State?" Superintendent O. Dooley, Wahoo.

     After the discussions the following officers were elected: Superintendent L. B: Bohannon, Madison, chairman; O. C. Covey, St. Paul, secretary. Executive committee--A. B. Allyn, Hastings; one year; J. C. Martin, Central City, two years.

     Judge M. L. Hayward of Nebraska was the principal speaker of the evening. The subject of his address was "An Outsider's Views of the Schools and Their Work."

     *'By motion of M. J. Garrett of Wood River, the last Tuesday in

     The following letter, written by W. G. Whitmore of Valley, to Superintendent J. L. McBrien in response to an inquiry from him explains the incident referred to:

     "Replying to yours of yesterday, attached: At the time mentioned George W. Hill was principal of the Waterloo schools. Standing in the office of Todd's hotel in Waterloo one morning, examining some maps which, I believe, an agent wanted to sell to the school board, he was suddenly fired upon by an entire' stranger to him and to everybody in the town, a bullet from a revolver, held so close to Hill's head that his face was filled with powder, entering near one ear and coming out of the eye on the same side, destroying the sight of that eye and disfiguring his face somewhat--not badly. It was feared that Prof. Hill's sight might be wholly lost and the sympathy of the entire community and of school men and women was extended to him and his family. The sight of one eye was spared and Prof. Hill, though considerably shattered, especially his nervous system, resumed his school duties.

     "I think it was largely through sympathy for him that his friends afterward secured his nomination and election as superintendent of Public instruction in Douglas county. He is now living in Omaha, not having been in school work for about ten years or more.

     "His assailant was seized, disarmed and found to be suffering from delirium tremens; he hailed, as was soon learned, from Iowa, his transit through Omaha evidently having been too much for him. 'No malice or provocation for the act was ever proven or suspected when the facts were known. Yours very truly,

W. G. WHITMORE."     

     July 17, 1908.

April was fixed as a day for collecting money in the schools of the state for the benefit of the unfortunate Prof. Hill of Waterloo. A collection amounting to $55.08 for the same purpose was then taken up in the meeting."

     J. F. Mallalieu of the Kearney Reform School not being present Mr. Silvernail read his paper on "Correctives to Bad Habits." "Plagues in the School" was the subject of a paper read by Mrs. C. A. Rowell of St. Paul.

     In Mr. Blake's report of the National Education association, held in Chicago in 1837, he stated that forty-six Nebraskans were in attendance. In the treasurer's report the total receipts were given as $478.20, which included $27.00 from members; disbursements amounted to $260.94, with a cash balance of $217.26. Miss Lizzie M. Shepherd of Omaha read a paper on "Incentives to Good Habits."

     State Superintendent George B. Lane spoke on "Qualifications of t County Superintendents and Institute Instructors." Prof. Lawrence Fossler of Lincoln spoke on "Existing Text Book Systems." "The Minnesota, California, Oregon and Vermont systems were discussed each as to its merit. Superintendent James spoke in favor of free text books, a uniformity of books in city and county, but doubted the propriety of extending it further."

     The main address of the evening was given by Dr. George Magoun, Iowa College, on "Some Additions to and Subtractions from the Work of the Schools."

     Among the resolutions adopted at this session were the following:

      "That we do fully appreciate the arduous work done by Prof. J. H. Smith in arranging the school exhibit, and that we do most heartily thank him for his valuable services.

     "That we consider the Nebraska exhibit of school work a most decided success.

     "That we express our recognition of those teachers who, during the storm of January 12, 1888, performed deeds of heroism and manifested their sound sense in caring for the children under their charge. Their brave, self-sacrificing devotion to duty is worthy of the highest commendation. Their unyielding courage has reflected credit upon the profession, by demonstrating that loyalty to duty and love for humanity which ever actuates the true teacher.

     "That the president of the association appoint a committee con-

sisting of two members from each section, who, together with the state superintendent, shall constitute a 'Board of Educational Council.' It shall be the duty of the board to consider the general educational needs of the state, and to recommend ways and means whereby the educational forces and agencies of the state may be more wisely directed in the line of progress. At the opening session of our next meeting this hoard shall place before the association a printed report, which shall be made a part of the regular program for that meeting.

     "Whereas, The title of Professor is properly applied only to teachers in institutions of university or college rank; and

     "Whereas, This title is indiscriminately and often improperly used in addressing persons engaged in other grades of school work: therefore,

     "Be it Resolved, That we, as an association, express our disapproval of such misapplication of the title, an l urge that among ourselves each be addressed by his proper title, whether it be Professor, Superintendent, Principal, or Mister, and as far as may be to induce others to do the same.

     "Realizing the importance of supporting a state educational journal, in order that a means of communication may be established between the teachers of the state, whereby they may discuss the needs of our educational system, we would recognize 'The Nebraska Teacher' as worthy of our hearty commendation; and believing that through its columns many may be reached who would not see matters published in the daily press, we request the executive committee to insert in its columns all notices and other matter which it is desired to present to the teachers of the state."--W. E. Andrews, chairman.

     The association adopted resolutions on the president's report.

Hastings, Nebraska, March 26-28, 1889.

     The association was called to order in the Presbyterian church by Pres. Geo. L. Farnham of Peru. Following the devotional exercises, music, the address of welcome, and the report of the executive committee, Dr. C. E. Bessey of the University of Nebraska, president of the association, delivered his address on "The Teacher of the Future." At the close of the address, the association adopted the following resolution:

     "Resolved, That as Chancellor Manatt's name is now under consideration for the Greek mission with the strong endorsement of the foremost educators of sixteen states, we, for ourselves and for the nine thousand teachers of Nebraska here represented, do most heartily ask and urge our delegation in Congress by all the means in their Dower to promote his appointment; and that we commend him most earnestly to the President as a man of unique and eminent fitness to

represent his country in the land whose literature and history have been his life long study."

     The exercises of the evening closed with the president's reception.

     J. A. Smith of Wahoo read the report of the first educational council.

     Report of the treasurer of the State Reading Circle.

     A. K. Gouty of Pawnee City read a paper entitled, "Training for Citizenship." The discussion was lead by Supt. M. B. C. True of North Loup and Supt. John. F. Curran of Red Cloud. The discussion led to the adoption of the following resolution:

     ':Resolved, That we observe the thirtieth day of April, 1889, the anniversary of the inauguration of George Washington, first president of the United States, as Flag Day."

     Prof. E. W. Hunt of Lincoln read a paper on "Common Sense about Reading."

     After the report of the nominating committee, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: A. K. Goudy, of Pawnee City, president; W. H. Skinner, Crete, treasurer; Edward Healey, Plum Creek, secretary.

     The forenoon session was devoted mainly to the discussion of the topic, "Qualifications of County Superintendents and Institute Instructors." J. A. Hornberger of Fremont read a paper on "The Arrangement of School terms."

     The following amendments to the Constitution were adopted: :

     Article II. The officers of the association shall consist of a president, one vice president from each section of the association, a 1, secretary, a treasurer, and an executive committee consisting of one person from each section, and the president of the association.

     Article VII. The executive committee shall hold its first meeting as soon after election as practicable, and elect a chairman from their own number. Three members of said committee shall constitute a quorum for business. The president of the association shall be exofficio a member of the executive committee and shall call them together for their first meeting.

     Article XII. Each section shall elect triennially from its own number one member of the executive committee of the association, who shall hold such office for three years. Such election shall be reported to the association.

      Article IV, Sec. 1. It shall be the duty of the secretary to keep a full record of all the proceedings of the association, including all motions and resolutions, abstracts of all important discussions, and all papers read in the general session, and all similar matters turned over

to him by the secretary of each of the different sections, and under the direction of the executive committee to publish, In full, said records annually, and at the end of his term of service to turn over to his successor the complete record and all papers belonging to the association. He shall also make out, each year, a correct roll of membership of the association.

     Article IV, Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the secretary of each section to present to the secretary of the association within two weeks after the close of the annual session a complete report of all proceedings of that section, together with a copy of all papers presented at such meeting, which report shall be a part of the published report of the secretary of the association. For such service the secretary may receive a per diem not to exceed $25 in any one year.

     Article VI. The executive committee shall carry into effect all orders and resolutions of the association, and shall devise and put into operation such other measures, not inconsistent with the object of this association, as it shall deem best. It shall fix the time and place for holding all regular meetings of the association, and shall appoint an annual meeting each year, secure speakers, and arrange business to come before the association. It shall keep a full record of its proceedings and present an annual report of the same to the association. They may secure such paid assistance in any of the departments of work as they think necessary, and pay for the same from the funds of the association.

     Article XIV. All persons who, by the arrangement of the executive committee, present papers in general session, or in any of the sections, shall present a copy of said papers to the proper secretary before or at the close of that annual session.

     Article XV. There shall be an educational council consisting of seven members, two from each section, whose term of office shall be three years, who shall be appointed by the president of the association, and the state superintendent who shall be ex-officio a member. The term of office of no two members from the same section shall expire the same year.

     Article XVI. The educational council shall be an advisory board and shall report its proceedings to the association at each annual meeting. It shall, at its first meeting, perfect its own organization and report such action to the state association at its next annual meeting for ratification.

     Articles XIV and XV to be numbered XVII and XVIII.

     After the reports of committees, Supt. E. T. Hartley of Lincoln read a paper entitled "The Sacrifice of Education to Examinations," and Supt. David Dinnis of Falls City presented a paper on "Physical Training."

     The association adopted a report relative to securing lots and erecting a building at the Crete Chautauqua, and arrange for a Teachers' Day at said Chautauqua.

     Rev, J. T. Duryea, D. D., of Omaha, addressed the association on the subject, "Moral Training in the Public Schools."

     281 members enrolled during the session.

Lincoln, Nebraska, March 25-27, 1890.

     Meeting was called to order by ex-President Bessey, who introduced to the association the new president, Superintendent A. K. Goudy.

     Superintendent W. H. Skinner, the treasurer of the association, read his report, "showing a balance of $260 in the treasury."

     President Goudy then delivered his address.

     Appointment and reports of committees and adjournment. Following the adjournment a reception was held in the library building.

     By vote of the association, the president appointed the following persons as members of a committee to arrange for a state reading circle: Superintendent P. A. Grinsted, Superintendent McCollum, County Superintendent Copper, Superintendent Chatburn and Miss Eva J. King.

     The executive committee recommended that the time for holding the state association be changed to the winter vacation.

     Prof. D. E. Reese presented a paper on "The Demands of the Public Schools."

     H. R. Corbett of Aurora read a paper on "The Teacher of Today."

     On report of the nominating committee, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Superintendent A. B. Hughes, president; Miss Eva J. King, secretary; Superintendent W. H. Skinner, treasurer.

      Devoted to section meetings.

     W. E. Taylor reported an amendment to the constitution providing for an educational council of twenty-five members which was adopted.

     The association then elected as members of the council for a term of two years Superintendent P. P. Bentley of Alma, Prof. W. E. Andrews of Hastings; and for a term of one year Dr. George L. Farnham of the state normal and Dr. H. K. Wolfe of the State university. -

     W. M. Wolfe of Kearney being absent, his paper on "Practical Education In the West" was read by J. A. Pease of Surprise.

     W. R. Hart of Holdrege presented a paper entitled "Poverty and Wealth as Educators."

     "An old-fashioned Nebraska blizzard prevented many of the teachers from attending, but at 2:30 p. m. the association was called to order with about 150 present."

     Superintendent Chatburn of the committee on reading circle work reported a plan for such a circle to be under the control of the association, and suggested as a board of directors Superintendent P. W. Grinsted and Marie Upson for one year, E. E. Thompson and W. E. Andrews for two years, Prof. Taylor of Hastings and Mrs. Edwards of Lincoln for three years. The report was adopted and placed on file.

     "A Much Needed Reform in Our Public Schools," was the title of a paper read by Superintendent Alex Stephens.

     W. S. Webster of Juniata presented a paper on "School Supervision."

     By vote of the association the time of meeting was changed to the winter vacation.

     The educational council elected the following officers: Superintendent Monlux of Hastings, president; Prof. Taylor of Peru, vice president; Superintendent C. G. Pearse of Beatrice, secretary; Superintendent J. A. Hornberger of Fremont, treasurer.

     Miss Florence Hatch of Schuyler read a paper on "Primary Music."

     Hon. Richard Edwards, state superintendent of Illinois, addressed the association on "Unity of Scholarship."

     The report of the treasurer showed receipts amounting to $451.60, disbursements $189.65, balance $261.95.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December 30, 31, 1890, Jan. 1, 1891.

     Ex-President A. K. Goudy introduced to the association the new President, Supt. A. B. Hughes, who presided over the association. After addresses of welcome and responses, President Hughes delivered his address and appointed the standing committees.

     After adjournment the association attended a reception held in the society halls at the university.

     Supt. C. G, Pearce read a paper on "Shall the State Provide Conductors and Instructors for County Institutes?"

     Prof. W. E. Taylor read a paper on "Shall the State Establish a State Board of Education?"

     Miss Stacia Crowly of Omaha gave a paper on "Words."

     The Northwestern Journal of Education was adopted as the official paper of the state association.

     A motion was made to abolish the system of nominating officers by committee. "After an exciting and turbulent debate the motion was carried."

     Hon. J. R. Webster delivered an address on "Education from a Political Standpoint."

     After the report of the Educational Council and State Reading Circle the association adjourned.

     Supt. W. H. Skinner of Crete read a paper on "Does Nebraska Need More Normal Schools?"

     Miss Grace B. Sudborough gave a paper on "Can High Schools Do the Needed Normal Work?"

     Mrs. Upton of the W. C. T. U. spoke in favor of Woman Suffrage.

     Miss Sarah Wood Moore spoke for the advancement of drawing exercises In the schools.

     Supt. J. M. Scott of Columbus presented a paper on "Shall the State Establish Educational Qualifications for School Boards?"

     The association proceeded to the election of officers with the following results: Prof. W. E. Andrew's of Hastings, president; Supt. W. H. Gardner of Wymore, secretary; Supt. W. H. Skinner of Crete, treasurer.

     Prof. G. E. Barber opened the session with a paper on "Shall County Superintendents be Elected or Appointed?" The discussion was opened by Supt. W. H. Gardner.

     Supt. E. E. Thompson of Grand Island read a paper on "Shall the Legislature Fix the Educational Qualifications of County Superintendents?" Supt. W. M. Clary of Nebraska City opened the discussion.

      Mr. Irwin Leviston spoke on "Science in the Public Schools."

     Supt. J. M. Hinsh of Clay Center read a paper on "Shall there be a change in the Requirements for Teachers' Certificates?"

     Dr. E. E. White of Cincinnati spoke on the subject, "Teaching Morals in the Public Schools."

     "After Dr. White's talk, State Supt. Lane was called to the platform to make an announcement, when he was agreeably surprised by the county superintendents, headed by Supt. Cooley of Butler county, who presented Supt. Lane with a gold headed cane."

     The evening address was by Dr. E. E. White of Cincinnati on "The Duty of the Hour."

     575 teachers were enrolled during the association.

     The flag was awarded. to Dodge county having 64 teachers present out of an enrollment of 120.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December 29-31, 1894.

     Retiring President A. B. Hughes called the meeting to order and Introduced the president elect, Prof. W. E. Andrews.

     After the addresses of welcome and response, a number of announcements were made and a short business session held.

     Upon a motion duly moved and carried the following committee was appointed by the president "to devise and execute a plan for the collection and publication of the educational news of the state in Omaha and Lincoln dailies and other papers throughout the state: J. O. Taylor, A. B. Hughes, C. G. Pearse, J. H. Canfield, C. C. Cole, C. D. Rakestraw, M. F. Stanley, W. H. Skinner, F. A. Fitzpatrick, J. B. Monlux, J. A. Beattie, and Miss Mary Hosford."

     Dr. D. R. Dungan of Cotner University presented a paper on "Meaning, Limitations and Purpose of Education." Discussion led by Supt. H. R. Corbett of York.

     Dr. H. K. Wolfe of the University of Nebraska read a paper entitled, "Philosophy and Methods of Education."

     After the report of the treasurer, Supt. J. B. Monlux read a paper on "Organized Agencies." Miss Hosford led In the discussion.

     Report of the Educational Council by the secretary, C. G. Pearse. Report of the Reading Circle by the manager, W. E. Andrews.

     Address on Scientific Instruction by Miss Ripley.

     Chancellor J. H. Canfield presented a paper on "Systematized Agencies" which was discussed by Supt. C. G. Pearse.

     The paper of Supt. J. L. McBrien of Johnson county on "Vitalized Agencies" was discussed by Prin. Wilkinson of the Kansas state normal school.

     Nominations were made for president. On the third ballot Supt. J. L. BcBrien (sic) of Johnson county was elected president, Miss Mary Hosford was elected secretary; and Supt. W. H. Skinner, treasurer.

     Chancellor Canfield and Supt. Pearse were elected members of the Educational Council.

     Prof. W. E. Andrews and Supt. A. A. Reed were elected members of the Reading Circle Board.

     On motion, the state superintendent was made ex-offico a member of the Heading Circle Board.

     Supt. F. A. Fitzpatrick gave a paper on "Related Agencies--The Pulpit, the Press, and Public Opinion." Discussion opened by Supt. D. B. Hayward.

     The following amendment to the constitution was unanimously made: -

     All officers of this association shall be elected by ballot, and a majority vote shall be required. The election shall be conducted as follows:

     (1) The time of making nominations, which shall be so arranged as so give the committee time to prepare the ballots; and the place of balloting shall be named by the executive committee.

     (2) The balloting shall be conducted by the registration committee, or another committee provided for by the association, subject to the limitations of this section.

     (3) Only those properly enrolled with the treasurer shall be allowed the privilege of voting.

     (4) The method of voting shall be as follows: The tickets provided by the executive committee are to be properly marked and deposited with the balloting. The names of the candidates to be voted for are numbered according to the voter's individual choice so as to necessitate but one balloting. In counting the votes, the balloting committee drops the name of the candidate receiving the lowest on each count, taking the next choice of each person voting for each candidate, until some one has a majority of all the votes east.

      (5) When the time for balloting has expired and the count made, the balloting committee shall report to the association, and such vote shall be subject to the rejection or, adoption of the association as provided for all other committees of the association.

     "The committee on resolutions reported, urging all to join in the work of the reading circle; recommended the idea of granting credits 00 teachers' certificates by county superintendents to those satisfactorily completing the work of the reading circle; that the school law be amended so as to forbid the granting of a certificate by a county superintendent to any person under eighteen years of age. The revision of the school laws in such a way as to secure the township instead of the district plan; that township high schools be adopted wherever and as fast as possible, and that the subject be made a special part of the next annual meeting; the closer relations of teachers and school boards, and that school officers be invited to par-

ticipate in the next meeting and to organize a section; that the association do its utmost to secure greater fidelity in the observance of the law relating to teaching the effects of stimulants and narcotics; that at the next annual meeting consideration be paid to the subject of dividing the state apportionment among districts according to average attendance."

     The address of the evening was given by Judge A. S. Draper, state superintendent of public instruction, Albany, New York. His subject was "American Schools for American Citizenship."

     770 persons were enrolled during this session.

     Nemaha county won the flag, having 62 teachers present, out of the total teaching force of 90 teachers.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December 27-29, 1892.

After the usual opening exercises, the president of the association, Supt. J. L. McBrien of Johnson county, delivered the annual address on "The Conflict Between Knowledge and Ignorance."

     Dr. J. A. Beattie of Cotner University presented a paper on "Moral Education Necessary to the Perpetuity of the Republic."

     A Symposium upon the Rural Schools was opened by G. W. Sampson of Tecumseh, followed by J. F. Hosic of Auburn, both speaking upon "Country Schools vs. City Schools," "The Needs of the Country Schools" was discussed by Trenmor Cone of Cedar Bluffs, "The Relative Importance of the Common School Branches" was presented by Supt. J. T. Morey of Kearney.

     The address of the evening was delivered by the Hon. John M. Thurston of Omaha on "Abraham Lincoln."

     Prof. H. W. Caldwell of the University of Nebraska presented a paper on "American History."

     The discussion upon "Two Characters in American Politics--Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton." Rev. Fred Stuff of Lincoln and Hon. J. G. Tate of Grand Island represented the Hamilton side, and Hon. C. M. Hitchcock of Omaha represented the Jefferson side. In the absence of Mr. Stewart, Congressman Bryan closed the discussion by presenting the side of Jefferson.

     Prof. Carl Betz of Kansas City gave a paper on "Physical Culture," followed by a discussion.

     Mr. F. A. Barton of Pawnee City presented a paper on "The Purpose and Scope of the Columbian Education Exhibit."

     Among other resolutions adopted by the association was one endorsing the Northwestern Journal of Education. A resolution also favored constituting the Department of Education a separate department of state and the chief of that bureau a cabinet officer.

     Dr. J. A. Beattie was elected a member of the Reading Circle Board.

     The following resolution, presented by J. O. Taylor of Chadron, was adopted:

     "That the executive committee of the association for the ensuing year be directed to expend out of the funds of the association $50 in the purchase of a teachers' professional library, and to award the library to the county whose teachers have traveled the greatest total number of miles of railroad, necessarily, in reaching and attending the next annual meeting of the association."

     The following amendment was made to the constitution:

     "That the preparation of the entire program of the meetings of the association be placed in the hands of the executive committee."

     Inspector James S. Hughes delivered his lecture on "Schoolroom Humor."

     The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Supt. C. G. Pearse of Beatrice, president; Miss E. O. Clark of Fremont, secretary; Supt. W. H. Skinner of Crete, treasurer.

     Upon report of the Flag committee, the flag was awarded to Nemaha county for having the greatest percentage of its teachers present.

      The following letter was read:

     "Wahoo, Nebraska, December 17, 1892.--I move that the Saunders County Teachers' association endorse to its fullest extent Library Day, and exert efforts to have a resolution passed by the State Association to establish October 21st as Library Day."

     Pursuant to the action of the committee on resolutions endorsing said letter, Pres. McBrien appointed the following committee on Library Day: Trenmor Cone, Cedar Bluffs; James H. Canfield, Lincoln; T. H. Bradbury, Wahoo; A. K. Goudy, Lincoln; H. R. Corbett, York; F. A. Fitzpatrick, Omaha; Miss E. O. Clark, Fremont.

     Eight hundred and twenty-four teachers were enrolled during the association.

     The first paper was presented by Supt. Chas. S. Coney of Stanton on "The Apportionment of School Funds Based Upon Attendance."

     The next paper was on "County vs. District Taxation," by Supt. Henderson of Washington county.

     The third paper, prepared by Supt. Hunter of Webster county, was read by State Supt. Goudy.

     Supt. A. A. Reed of Gage county read a paper on "Patrons' Meetings."

     Supt. Stanley of Hamilton county was elected president, and Miss McGee of Cheyenne county, secretary. Supt. Reed of Gage county and Supt. Franklin of York county were elected members of the Educational Council.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December 27-29, 1893.

     After the usual opening exercises, Retiring President McBrien introduced the new president, Supt. C. G. Pearse of Beatrice. Instead of the customary annual address of the president, Supt. Pearse made a few remarks, recommending that the association incorporate; and the division of the Public School Section into three sections: High school, grammar and primary school.

     Supt. J. T. Morey of Kearney then read a paper on "The Camera," and was followed by Supt. Valentine of McCook with a talk on the use of the lantern. The subject was continued by Prof. E. H. Barbour of the University of Nebraska.

     After the report of the executive committee, the treasurer reported, showing a balance on hand of $1,022.75.

     The amendment proposed the evening before was adopted. It reads as follows:

     Art. XII. This association shall Include five sections to be styled:

     1. The County Superintendent's Section.

     2. The College Section.

     3. The High School Section (to include academic schools).

     4. The Grammar School Section.

     5. The Primary School Section.

     Art. II. The officers of this association shall consist of a president, one vice president from each section of the association, a secretary, a treasurer and an executive committee consisting of three members to be elected by the association annually. No two members shall be from the same section.

     Art. XV. To strike out "and such vote shall be subject to the rejection or adoption of the association, as provided for all other committees of the association."

     The following were elected officers of the association for the ensuing year: Chancellor J. H. Canfield, Lincoln, president; Miss

Eoline Clark, Fremont, secretary; W. H. Skinner, Nebraska City, treasurer.

     Prof. G. E. Barber of North Platte read a paper on "What English Should Be Taught in the Grammar Schools." This was followed by a paper on "English in the High School," by Miss Anna Adams of Beatrice.

     Miss Sarah Louise Arnold of Minneapolis spoke to the association on "Just Why and Just How We Shall Teach Science in the Public Schools."

     Supt. C. R. Atkinson of Fairbury read a paper on "Short Cuts in the Superintendent's Work."

     Miss Laura Record read a paper on "The County Superintendent: What Shall He Do When He Visits a School?" Following this was a paper from the teacher's standpoint by C. W. Wertz of Lincoln.

     Supt. J. S. Baer of Lincoln read a paper on "How Far is Uniformity Throughout the State in Requirements for Teachers' Certificates Practicable and Desirable?"

     The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Supt. Howard, president; Miss Laura Record, secretary.

     The following resolution was passed: "That we as county superintendents leave in our state superintendent's bands the management of the time of holding our summer institutes, promising to abide by his decision as far as it is possible."

     Prof. Woodward of Kansas City addressed the association on the subject of Manual Training.

     Supt. E. N. Brown of Hastings read a paper on "Departmental Teaching."

     "How the Ornamental Branches Justify Themselves to the Tax Payers" was considered in three divisions: "Music," by J. A. Parks of York College; "Physicial Culture" and "Drawing."

      The following resolution was adopted: "That no new member of the Reading Circle Beard be elected at this meeting and that hereafter the beard consist of five members instead of seven."

     After a short talk by Colonel Hoagland, "the newsboys' friend." the association listened to an address by Dr. G. Stanley Hall of Clark University, Worcester, Mass., on "The Study of Children."

     At the close of his talk the subject of "School Libraries" was taken up, and Prin. Trenmor Cone spoke on the origin of Library Day.

     A paper on "The Founding of Public Libraries" was discussed by Miss Mary Jones of the University of Nebraska library. This was followed by a paper on "How the City Library May Be Useful to the Schools," by Miss Edna Bullock of Lincoln.

     Supt. R. H. Watson read a paper on "The District School Library." H. R. Corbett was elected a member of the executive committee for three years and Mr. Howard of Schuyler for one year.

     Committee for the advancement of Library Day: State Supt. Goudy, Prin. Trenmor Cone and Miss Laura Record.

     After music and other preliminary exercises, Dr. G. Stanley Hall addressed the association on "The Education of the Heart."

     The committee on awarding the school library reported that Nemaha county teachers had traveled 3,512 miles and were entitled to the library. Mention was made of Jefferson county, whose teachers had traveled 2,054 miles, and of Nance county, which held third place, with 1,855 miles.

     Seven hundred and two teachers enrolled during the session.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December 26-28, 1894.

     The general sessions of the association were held in the Lansing Theater. After the usual preliminary exercises Pres. Pearse introduced the new president, Chancellor James A. Canfield, who spoke to the association on "The Neglected Cornerstone."

     Following the nomination of officers for the ensuing year, Pres. A. W. Norton of the Peru State Normal and Supt. W. H. Skinner of Nebraska City were elected members of the Educational Council.

     Upon motion of Supt. A. A. Reed, the following resolution, relative to members of the Reading Circle Board, was adopted:

     "In 1894 the association shall elect one member for two years and one member for four years; in 1895, one for two years and one for four years; thereafter, one member each year for a term of four years."

     Supt. J. A. Collins of Fremont was elected for two years, and Supt. A. A. Reed of Crete for four years.

     Pres. A. W. Norton read a paper on "Some Factors of Thoroughness," followed by a discussion by Supt. C. R. Atkinson of Fairbury.

     Mrs. Winona S. Sawyer followed with a paper on "The Province and Method of Criticism." J. H. Miller led in the discussion.

     Prof. F. Louis Soldan of St. Louis consumed the remainder of the session with a talk upon "A Visit to German Schools."

     Officers--Supt. J. A. Collins, Fremont, president; Supt. Charlotte M. White, Wayne, secretary.

     Dr. Harry P. Judson, Dean of Chicago University, addressed the association on "Education by the State and for the State."

     Supt. W. T. Howard of Colfax county was elected a member of the executive committee to succeed himself.

     Supt. A. P. Marble of Omaha and Prin. O. H. Brainard of Beatrice were elected members of the Educational Council.

     Moved and carried that the Committee on Legislation he Instructed to endeavor to secure the enactment of a law prescribing the organization of the State Examining Board to consist of the state superintendent of public instruction, the chancellor of the state university, the principal of the State Normal School and one city superintendent and one county superintendent chosen by them, and enlarging the powers of the board so as to give it the power to prescribe courses of study for public schools and teachers' institutes.

     Supt. Wm. Reece of Falls City read a paper on "The County High School." Discussed by Supt. C. G. Pearse of Beatrice.

     Supt. D. C. O'Connor of West Point presented a paper on "Is It True That the Public Schools Do Not Give a Reasonable Mastery of the Subjects Taught?"

     Rev. Wm. Murphy of Tecumseh read a paper on "Do the Public Schools Fail to Teach Morality?"

     Mr. W. H. Lanning, a business man, prepared a paper on "Do the Public Schools Fail to Prepare for Active Life?" which paper was read by Chancellor Canfield.

     Miss Ethel Evans of Omaha read a paper on "Study of Form in the Grades."

     Bishop John H. Vincent delivered his address on "Tom and His Teachers."

     The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Supt. W. H. Skinner, president; Miss Mary E. Hosford, secretary; Supt. C. R. Atkinson, treasurer.

     Number enrolled at this session, 930.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December, 31, 1895--January 2, 1896.

     The first session was held in the Funke Opera House, Tuesday evening, December 31, 1896, the president, Supt. W. H. Skinner, presiding.

     After the usual preliminary exercises, Col. F. W. Parker spoke on "The Ideal School."

     Dr. J. A. Beattie and Mrs. Emily K. Manville were elected members of the Reading Circle Board.

     The following committee was appointed to revise the constitution of the association: Chancellor George E. MacLean, Prin. A. H. Waterhouse, Supt. J. S. Baer, Supt. C. G. Pearse and Supt. J. L. McBrien,

     After disposing of other business matters, Col. F. W. Parker addressed the association on the subject, "The Interdependence of Studies and the New Geography."

     The president, Supt. J. A. Collins, presided.

     Supt. J. G. Haupt of Dakota county read a paper entitled "Personal Criticism and Advice or the County Superintendent to Teachers."

     Supt. Henderson of Washington county was elected president and Supt. Virginia Carothers of Perkins county, secretary.

     William Hawley Smith addressed the general association on "The Common People and the Common Schools."

     Supt. C. G. Pearse was elected a member of the Educational Council.

     William Hawley Smith gave a reading before the association.

     Prof. W. A. Clark of Peru presented a paper on "The Doctrine of Apperception."

     J. H. Miller of Lincoln presented "The Relation of Individual Instruction to the Class Recitation."

     Paper by Supt. Charlotte M. White. Supt. C. R. Atkinson read his paper on "Continuity of Plans of Work." Supt. Geo. H. Holdeman of York gave a paper on "Practical Workings of the School Law."

     Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler addressed the general association on "Ideals of Education," following which Governor Holcomb briefly addressed the teachers.

     The association adopted a resolution endorsing the action of Congressman Hainer and his colleagues at Lincoln in bringing up and favoring the establishment of a National University at Washington.

     The following officers for the general association were elected: Supt. Maynard Spink of Hall county, president; Lillian U. Stoner, Valentine, secretary; C. R. Atkinson, Fairbury, treasurer; N. E. Brown, Hastings, member of executive committee, and Prof. C. E. Bessey of Lincoln, member of Educational Council.

     The association adopted a resolution presented by J. F. Saylor endorsing all Chautauqua movements carried on for the purpose of education.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December 28-31, 1896.

     The first session was held in the Lansing Opera House, Wednesday forenoon, December 30, the president, Maynard Spink, being introduced by W. H. Skinner.

     After the reading of the minutes, the regular business of the association was taken up. Appointment of committees. Greetings to state associations then in session in Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Colorado and South Dakota.

     The treasurer's report showed a balance on hand from preceding year of $938.05; received from membership fees, $976.00; admission to lectures and interest on money in bank, $161.75; total, $2,075.80; expended for talent, opera house, printing, etc., $911.92; balance on hand January 20, 1896, $1,163.88.

     The total enrollment was 876.

     The association then entered upon an informal discussion of the report of the committee on the revision of the constitution, Chancellor Gen. E. MacLean chairman of committee. Action taken upon report, article by article. Article XV on the nominating committee and election of officers was adopted in practically its present form.

     The general session Wednesday evening was given over o a lecture by Dr. W. O. Krohn, University of Illinois, on "Child Study-- its Relation to the Home and to the School."

     In the absence of Pres. Maynard Spink, the meeting was called to order by Pres. J. A. Beattie of the Peru State Normal School.

Wednesday morning's program, deferred on account of business, was first given. Supt. A. H. Bigelow read a paper on "What is a Proper Correlated Course of History in the Public Schools Below the College or University?" Supt. W. H. Siders of Alliance opened the discussion.

     Dr. W. O. Krohn presented the subject, "Benefits and Dangers of Child Study."

     Mr. A. W. Field of Lincoln presented a paper on "Compulsory Attendance: How to Improve the taw." The discussion was opened by Dan Miller of Columbus.

     The following report of the nominating committee was accepted and officers elected as follows:

     President, J. W. Crabtree, Beatrice; secretary, Miss Lillian U. Stoner, Valentine; treasurer, C. R. Atkinson, Fairbury; member executive committee, W. H. Clemmons, Fremont; member reading circle board, J. A. Collins, Fremont; member educational council, W. R. Siders, Alliance.

     A resolution was passed approving the plan for the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in 1898 and pledging the support of the association to an educational exhibit; and the Nebraska State Teachers' Association, through resolution, voted to join the authorities of the Exposition in an invitation to the National Educational Association to hold its annual meeting in Omaha in 1898. Thursday Evening-General Session.

     Pres. Maynard Spink being called home on account of sickness in his family, the evening session was called to order by Supt. J. F. Saylor of Lincoln.

     The address of the evening was given by Henry Watterson. His subject was "Abraham Lincoln."

     The meeting was called to order by the president, J. W. Henderson of Blair. Supt. E. Healy of Seward county presented a paper on "The Lecture; or, the Present Generally Adopted Plan of Conducting Institutes Which?" Supt. D. M. Hunter of Webster county, Supt. D. D. Martindale of Knox county, Supt. R. O. Mossman of Madison county and Supt. C. F. Beck of Burt county discussed the county instituLe.

     The next subject under consideration was concerning the office of the county superintendent. Supt. G. W. Crozier of Polk county read a paper on "The Directive Duties of the County Superintendent," and Supt. N. M. Graham of Clay county a paper on "The Duties of School Boards." Supt. Anna E. Neeland of Box Butte county led in the discussion.

     Supt. E. J. Bodwell of Douglas county treated in a comprehensive manner "The Professional Advantages of the Reading Circle' followed by a general and interesting discussion of some of the reading circle books then in use.

     Supt. D. D. Martindale of Knox county took up "Needed School Legislation." State Supt. W. R. Jackson was requested to continue the plan of his predecessors in sending out monthly lists of examination questions.

     Officers elected for the following year were: Supt. R. G. Mossman of Madison county, president; Supt. Anna Gray Clark of Keith county, secretary.

     In the High School section Wednesday afternoon Prof. W. R. Hart of Lincoln presented a paper on "Normal Training in High Schools." Miss Eoline Clark of Fremont opposed the idea because of Inadequate facilities; Supt. A. A. Reed believed in the theory, but thought it impossible to put into practice because of inadequate facilities; Prof. Hosic of the Peru State Normal feared there might be a tendency to consider the little normal training secured in the high school as sufficient.

Lincoln, Nebraska, December 28-30, 1897.

     Inspector J. W. Crabtree, president, presiding officer.

     Invocation, Dr. H. O. Rowlands, Lincoln.

     "The Study of Arrested Development in Children," Dr. W. T. Harris, United States Commissioner of Education.

     Resolutions were passed approving plans for holding a great educational meeting in connection with the Trans-Mississippi Exposition.

      Greetings sent to the state associations in session in the following states: Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan and Missouri.

     "Normal Schools," Dr. J. A. Beattie.

     "Right Emphasis in Education," Judge M. B. Reese.

     "The Relation of the W. C. T. U. to Education," Mrs. Medora D. Nicholl of Beatrice.

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